PHTY101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Posterior Longitudinal Ligament, Shock Absorber, Pivot Joint

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olivewildebeest360

8 Jun 2018

School

ACU

Course

PHTY101

Professor

Cath Jameson

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To support upper body weight

○

To protect spinal cord and nerves

○

To allow trunk movement

○

Functions of the vertebral column

•

Cervical = 7

○

Thoracic = 12

○

Lumbar = 5

○

Sacral = 5 fused

○

Coccygeal = 4 fused

○

8.1 Record the number of vertebrae in each region of the vertebral column:

•

body

○

neural canal/vertebral arch

○

pedicle

○

lamina

○

transverse process

○

spinous process

○

superior and inferior articular facets

○

pars interarticularis

○

8.2 On a typical vertebra (lumbar) identify:

•

8.3 List the distinguishing features of a typical vertebra from cervical, thoracic and lumbar

regions of the vertebral column.

•

Joints of Luschka

□

Synovial joints between cervical vertebral bodies lateral to intervertebral

discs

□

Develop as annulus fibrosis degenerates, to permit large range of cervical

□

Uncovertebral joints



Cervical

○

Feature

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Size of

vertebral

foramen

The largest - triangular

Smallest, nearly circular

Triangular, larger than

thoracic

Body

Small kidney shape

Heart shaped, and on

their sides bear articular

facets. Tubercle

articulating with rib and

rib below

Large kidney shaped body.

Pedicles short and strong

Spinous

processes

Short bifid - split into 2

Long, narrow, angle down

inferiorly

Horizontally align, thick and

rectangular

Transverse

processes

Presence of foramen

transverarium. Each

transverse process ends

in prominent anterior

and posterior tubercles

Long, thick rounded.

Projecting laterally,

backwards and slightly

upwards from the

junction of the pedicle

with the lamina

Short and thin. Projecting

laterally and slightly

backwards from the side of

the vertebral body and

base of the pedicles

Orientatio

n of facets

Tipped forward from the

coronal plane. Posterior

faces posteromedially,

inferior anterolaterally

Vertical facets close to

coronal plane. Superior

faces posteriorly, inferior

anteriorly

Superior (J shapes) faces

posteromedially. Concave

transversely - sagittal

plane. Inferior faces

anterolaterally. Convex

transversely.

8. Bones and joints of the vertebral column

Wednesday, 30 August 2017

5:25 PM

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Develop as annulus fibrosis degenerates, to permit large range of cervical

movements

□

8.4 Relate the distinguishing features of vertebrae from different regions to their differing

functions

•

Weight bearing



Movement



Bodies get bigger the lower you go as weight bearing is greater



Develops before the arch



Vertebral body

○

Protection of spinal cord



Movement with the articular processes and facets



Pedicle



Muscles attach to

□

Transverse processes



Layer of bone

□

Merge into spinous processes

□

Portion of the lamina in between superior and inferior articular

processes which is the thickest



Transmits the forces (most stress)



Pars interarticularis

□

Lamina



Facets that articulate to form a joint

□

Superior joins with inferior of vertebrae above

□

Articular processes



Superior sits with the inferior of the vertebrae above to form an

intervertebral canal

□

Spinal nerves exit from these canals

□

Notch



Vertebral arch

○

Protects spinal cord



Vertebral foramen

○

Vertebrae

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Function

Allows

movement

of the head

Protection

of the spinal

cord

Attachment for ribs

Protection of the heart and lungs

Range of motion is limited

Carry the bulk of the

weight

Source of most body

motion

Enable individuals to

stand erectly

Distinguishin

g features

for their

function

Smaller

discs allow

greater

movement

Has 'demi facets' on each side of the

vertebral body for articulation with the

ribs. The spinous processes are long and

slope downwards to prevent an object

reaching the spinal cord or the heart and

lungs, also protecting the aorta

Large body which

increases in size that

are capable of

supporting the

weight of the upper

body

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Functions to increase the shock absorbing function of the vertebral column



Normal curvature of the vertebral

○

Thoracic/sacral regions = kyphotic (primary/structural) curve

○

Development as a response to the loads put on the body



When head can be lifted - cervical



Cervical/lumber regions = lordotic (secondary/functional) curve

○

8.5 Identify the primary (kyphotic) and secondary (lordotic) curvatures of the articulated

vertebral column and explain their significance

•

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Document Summary

8. 1 record the number of vertebrae in each region of the vertebral column: 8. 2 on a typical vertebra (lumbar) identify: body neural canal/vertebral arch pedicle lamina transverse process spinous process superior and inferior articular facets pars interarticularis. 8. 3 list the distinguishing features of a typical vertebra from cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions of the vertebral column. Heart shaped, and on their sides bear articular facets. Each transverse process ends in prominent anterior and posterior tubercles. Projecting laterally, backwards and slightly upwards from the junction of the pedicle with the lamina. Projecting laterally and slightly backwards from the side of the vertebral body and base of the pedicles. Synovial joints between cervical vertebral bodies lateral to intervertebral discs. Develop as annulus fibrosis degenerates, to permit large range of cervical. Develop as annulus fibrosis degenerates, to permit large range of cervical movements. 8. 4 relate the distinguishing features of vertebrae from different regions to their differing functions.

Related Questions

1. Consider the following eight statements about vertebrae. Which four of the following eight statements are TRUE? Choose all four correct answers.

(a) In Actinopterygii, Chondrichthyes, and some Amphibia (and one unusual taxon of Lepidosauria), the vertebrae have centra which surround the notochord.

(b) Some vertebrae have processes such as spines that function as sites for muscle attachment.

(d) In tetrapods, the vertebrae have processes called zygapophyses that function as specialized sites for articulation with the ribs.

(e) Vertebrae arise from sclerotome epimere mesoderm.

(f) All extant vertebrate taxa have vertebrae.

(g) Some vertebrae have hemal arches which protect blood vessels (such as the dorsal aorta).

(h) Vertebrae have neural arches which protect the notochord.

2. While walking through the halls of the Biosciences building, you find a single vertebra lying on the floor. You notice that it does not have zygapophyses. It has an amphicoelous centrum, and it has both a neural arch and a hemal arch. This vertebra is completely ossified. Identify to which vertebrate taxon this vertebra belongs, and to which region of the vertebral column.

(a) caudal region - Petromyzontida

(b) thoracic region - Aves

(d) trunk region - Actinopterygii

(e) caudal region - Actinopterygii

(f) caudal region - Amphibia

(g) caudal region - Chondrichthyes

3. You are doing a study on the diet of polar bears. While examining the scat (droppings) of a large polar bear, you find a single vertebrae. You need to identify this vertebra to determine what this polar bear has been eating. Polar bears are known to eat mammals, birds, and some fish (Actinopterygii). This vertebra has a heterocoelous centra and it has no articulation sites for ribs. It also has an odontoid process. To which of these three vertebrate taxa, and to which region of the vertebral column does this vertebra belong?

(a) synsacral region - Aves

(b) cervical region - Mammalia

(d) cervical region - Aves

(e) caudal region - Actinopterygii

(f) thoracic region - Mammalia

4. Which four of the following eight statements about the skeleton are TRUE? (Choose all four correct options.)

(a) Bone is a tissue that is able to withstand large tensile forces but not large compressive forces.

(b) An important role of the vertebral column in actinopterygii and chondrichthyes is to support the body weight.

(c) in amniotes, the ribs consist of two parts, a costal rib (which articulates with a thoracic vertebra) and a sternal rib (which articulates with the sternum). The mobile joints between the costal and sternal rib, as well as between the costal rib and the vertebra and between the sternal rib and the sternum, make the ribcage flexible such that it can expand during breathing.

(d) A vertebral column with procoelous centra would have a greater range of mobility than a vertebral column with acoelous centra.

(e) In all extant vertebrate taxa, the vertebral column provides axial structural support, as well as support for locomotion.

(f) In many mammals, ligaments and muscles attaching to the neural spines of vertebrae help to stabilize the vertebral column and pull it into a stable arch, which helps to efficiently bridge the body weight to the legs.

(g) In tetrapods, the pectoral girdle is firmly fused to the vertebral column to allow for efficient transfer of locomotive forces from the forelimbs to the axial skeleton.

(h) In chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii, and some tetrapods, the vertebral column acts as a firm but flexible rod on which muscles pull to produce lateral undulations of the body for locomotion.

5. Consider the following eight statements about the form and function of the appendicular skeleton. Which four of the following eight statements are TRUE? (Choose all four correct options.)

(a) In sharks (Chondrichthyes), the pectoral and pelvic fins are mainly used for propulsion - to propel the body forward through the water.

(b) The tips of fins are supported by fin rays, thin rods which support a webbing of skin (and sometimes also connective tissue) - this increases the surface area of the fin

(c) The fleshy fins of sarcopterygii are not very maneuverable, and are used only to stabilize the body by preventing roll, pitch, and yaw when swimming rapidly.

(d) In both actinopterygii and chondrichthyes, the pectoral girdle attaches directly to the back of the skull while the pelvic girdle is embedded in the muscle of the body wall.

(e) In both sharks (Chondrichthyes) and actinopterygii, the pectoral and pelvic fins provide stability while swimming by preventing roll, pitch, and yaw.

(f) In male chondrichthyes, the pelvic fins have special extensions called claspers that are used to transfer sperm to females during copulation for internal fertilization.

(g) Petromyzontida and myxinoidea have paired pectoral and pelvic fins that are used to provide stability while swimming, as well as for steering.

(h) The main functions of girdles are to provide attachment sites for the muscles of the appendages (paired fins or limbs) and to stabilize the appendages.

6. Consider the following statements related to the appendicular skeleton and terrestrial locomotion of tetrapods. Which three of the following six statements are CORRECT? (Choose all three correct options.)

(a) In tetrapods with erect limb posture, the limbs are positioned directly under the body, while in tetrapods with sprawled limb posture, the limbs are positioned to the sides of the body.

(b) In terrestrial tetrapods, the distal ends of the humerus and femur are rotated such that the digits are oriented in line with the direction of travel, increasing both tractive and propulsive forces during terrestrial locomotion.

(c) Tetrapods with digitigrade foot posture have relatively longer limbs than tetrapods with plantigrade foot posture, such that they have a greater stride length.

(d) When terrestrial tetrapods are walking or running, the recovery stroke of the limbs involves the limb touching the ground while the propulsive stroke of the limbs involves the limb being lifted and moving from posterior to anterior.

(e) In tetrapods with sprawled limb posture, the dorsal elements of the pectoral girdle (such as the scapula) are much larger than the ventral elements of the pectoral girdle (such as the clavicle and corocoid).

(f) When walking or running, tetrapods with erect limb posture use an overarm swing for the recovery stroke, which is relatively slow.

7. You are walking along the beach and find a skeleton in the sand. You notice that the pelvic girdle is not fused to the vertebral column while the pectoral girdle is fused to the skull. The distal ends of the appendages have fin rays. It appears that all muscles controlling the appendages were located within the body wall, not within the appendages. To which vertebrate taxon does this skeleton belong?

(a) Sarcopterygii

(b) Lepidosauria

(d) Amphibia

(e) Actinopterygii

(f) Petromyzontida

8. Your neighbour finds a skeleton while cleaning out the pond in her backyard, and she asks you to identify it. You notice that the vertebrae have zygapophyses and that the centra of the vertebrae are procoelous. The ribs are quite short, and articulate with the vertebrae but not with the sternum. The pelvic and pectoral girdles appear robust and highly ossified, and the pectoral girdle has enlarged ventral elements but relatively small dorsal elements. The appendages each have five digits. Identify this skeleton for your neighbour, and describe to her as much as you can about its style of locomotion, based on this information about its axial and appendicular skeleton. (Choose all three correct options.)

(a) This skeleton is most likely from an amphibian.

(b) This skeleton is most likely from a sarcopterygian.

(d) This animal most likely had sprawled limb posture.

(e) This animal most likely could not support its own body weight using its appendages, and so would not have been capable of terrestrial locomotion.

(f) This animal probably walked with lateral undulations of the body, using the feet as pivot points.

(g) This animal most likely walked with a recovery stroke that used an energetically efficient pendulum-like swing.

(h) This skeleton is most likely from a crocodilian (Archosauria).

PHTY101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Posterior Longitudinal Ligament, Shock Absorber, Pivot Joint

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