PHTY208 Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Hepatomegaly, Dental Caries, Goitre
Disorder of endocrine control
• Endocrine system affects all aspects of the body. For example:
o Growth and development
o Muscle and adipose tissue distribution
o Sexual development
o Gastrointestinal and cardiovascular function
o Body response to stress
• Nutritional status describes the condition of the body related to the availability and use of
nutrients
• Nutrients are taken into the body and used for important functions
• The body can also store what is not needed in the form of adipose tissue
• Disorders of endocrine
o Concepts of endocrine dysfunction
• Hypofunction: underproduction of hormone
• Causes
▪ Congenital defects
▪ Injury to glandular cells
• Disruption in blood flow, infection, inflammation, autoimmune
responses, neoplastic growth or invasive tumour growth
▪ Decline in function with aging
▪ Atrophy as the result of drug therapy or unknown reasons
▪ Receptor defects
• Hyperfunction: excessive hormone production
▪ Causes
• Excessive stimulation and hyperplasia or hypertrophy of the
endocrine gland
• Hormone-producing tumour of the gland
• Ectopic hormone secretion - hormone being produced outside its
normal organ
• Medication
• Decrease negative feedback
o Hypothalamus and pituitary disorders
• Interface between nervous system and endocrine system
• Anterior pituitary is controlled by releasing hormones secreted from the
hypothalamus
▪ Travel via a portal vein
• Result in the release of many hormone that control
▪ Thyroid
▪ Adrenal
▪ Gonads
• Pituitary gland
▪ Anterior
• Human growth hormone (hGH)
• Thyriod stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Lutenizing hormone (LH)
• Prolactin
• Adrenocortictropic (ACTH)
• Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
▪ Posterior pituitary
• Oxytocin (OT)
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin
• Causes of multi-hormone pituitary disruptions
▪ Tumours
▪ Pituitary surgery or radiation
▪ Lesions and head trauma
▪ Infection or inflammation
▪ Autoimmune disease
▪ Malfunctioning target organ
▪ Genetic disease
▪ Hypothalamic disorders
▪ Pituitary infarction
▪ Pituitary apoplexy
▪ Hypoxic necrosis
• Clinical manifestations of hypopituitarism
▪ Usually occur gradually
▪ 70-90% destroyed before clinical symptoms
▪ Can present as an acute and life-threatening condition
▪ Symptoms include
• Headache
• Altered mental state
• Postural hypotension
• Being chronically unfit
• Weakness and fatigue
• Growth failure
• Loss of appetite
• Impairment of sexual function
• Cold intolerance
• Decrease bone density
• Morbid obesity
• Single pituitary hormone defects
▪ Defects may only effect the release of one hormone
▪ The most common are
• Growth hormone
• Excess – gigantism (children), acromegaly (adults)
• Depletion – dwarfism (children)
• ADH
• Excess – SIAHD
• Depletion – Diabetes insipidus
• ACTH
• Excess – Cushing’s
• Depletion – Addison’s
• Growth hormone
▪ Necessary for linear bone growth in children and development of
musculoskeletal system
▪ Stimulates cells to increase in size and divide more rapidly
▪ Enhances amino acid transport across cell membranes
▪ Increases the rate at which cells use fatty acids
▪ Anti-insulin activity
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
▪ hGH stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage, and other tissue to secrete
insulin like growth factor (IGF)
▪ IGF promotes growth of body cells, protein synthesis, tissue repair,
lipolysis and elevation of blood glucose concentrations
▪ Hyposecretion - children
• Cells responsible for growth hormone secretion do not form
properly or are irreversibly damaged
• Interferes with linear bone growth
• Delayed skeletal maturation
• Results in short stature or dwarfism
• Disrupts normal blood glucose levels
• Decreased muscle mass
• Increased subcutaneous fat
• Immature facial features
• Delayed onset of puberty
▪ Hyposecretion - adult
• Rare
• Lean body mass
• Reduced bone density
• Alterations in physical and mental well-being
• Cardiac function and metabolic parameters
• Lower levels of energy and libido
▪ Hypersecretion - children
• Results in increased linear bone growth – Gigantism
• Thickening of fingers, jaw, forehead, hands and feet
• Decreased bone density
• Delayed puberty
• Double vision
• Weakness
▪ Hypersecretion - adults
• Also know as acromegaly
• Overgrowth of the cartilaginous parts of the skeleton
• Enlargement of the heart and other organs of the body
• Metabolic disturbances resulting in altered fat metabolism and
impaired glucose tolerance
• Goiter (lump in throat due to thyroid problem) and
cardiomyopathy
• Sleep apnoea
• Often associated with deficiencies of other hormones
• Manifestations
• Thickening of fingers, jaw, forehead, hands and feet
• Enlarged tongue
• Course skin and hair
• Weight gain
• Spinal disorders
• Hyperphosphatasemia
• Tissue oedema
• Enlarged joints
• Increased sweating
• Increased risk of diabetes mellitus
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Disorder of endocrine control: endocrine system affects all aspects of the body. Lutenizing hormone (lh: prolactin, adrenocortictropic (acth, melanocyte stimulating hormone (msh, posterior pituitary, oxytocin (ot, antidiuretic hormone (adh) or vasopressin, causes of multi-hormone pituitary disruptions. Symptoms include: headache, altered mental state, postural hypotension, being chronically unfit, weakness and fatigue, growth failure. Impairment of sexual function: cold intolerance, decrease bone density, morbid obesity. Stimulates cells to increase in size and divide more rapidly: enhances amino acid transport across cell membranes, anti-insulin activity. Increases the rate at which cells use fatty acids: hgh stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage, and other tissue to secrete insulin like growth factor (igf) Igf promotes growth of body cells, protein synthesis, tissue repair, lipolysis and elevation of blood glucose concentrations: hyposecretion - children, cells responsible for growth hormone secretion do not form properly or are irreversibly damaged.
