PSYC104 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Seasonal Affective Disorder, Mania, Bipolar Disorder
13 Jun 2018
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Psychological Disorders Lecture (2)
Mood Disorders
Affective (mood) disorders include:
• Depressive Disorders
o Major Depressive Disorder – need 5 symptoms from the DSM-5
o Persistent Depressive Disorder (milder form) – need 2 symptoms from the
DSM-5 – but they must be persistent, at least two years.
o Depressive Disorder Unspecified
• Bipolar Disorders
o Bipolar 1 Disorder – Major depression + full manic episode
o Bipolar 2 Disorder – Major depression + hypomanic episode
o Cyclothymic Disorder (mood changes rapidly)
o Bipolar Disorder Unspecified
• Mood Episodes (e.g., Manic episode)
• The Mood disorders – e.g., substance-induced, seasonal affective disorder.
Prevalence of mood disorders:
• Varies with:
o Age, ethnicity, location, occupation, health, history
• Depressive Disorders:
o MDD: Lifetime 21.4%, 12mth 9.7%
o PDD: Lifetime 2.5%
o 16-85-year old’s, 2007 survey, lifetime prevalence of 45% and 12 month
prevalence is 20% (Australian National Survey of Mental Health and
Wellbeing)
• Bipolar Disorders:
o BD: Lifetime 4.4%
o Cyclothymic Disorder: ?%
Signs and Symptoms of Mania & Hypomania
• Abnormally and persistent elevated, expansive or irritable mood,
• Increased activity and energy,
• Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity,
• Decreased need for sleep,
• Pressure of speech,
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• Flight of ideas,
• Distractibility,
• Increased goal directed activity or psychomotor agitation,
• Pleasurable risk taking,
Signs and Symptoms of Mania & Hypomania
• Low mood (must be present),
• Loss of interest (incl. sex),
• Loss of appetite,
• Weight loss/gain,
• Sleep disturbance (insomnia or hypersomnia),
• Psychomotor agitation/retardation,
• Loss of energy/fatigue,
• Sense of worthlessness, guilt or hopelessness,
• Poor concentration/attention/memory,
• Recurring thoughts of death or dying,
• Diurnal variation.
Suicide in Depression
• Hopelessness not depression predicts suicide attempts
o Despair, guilt and worthlessness
• 20% of those with bipolar disorder attempt suicide
• More women attempt suicide, yet more men succeed (using more lethal means)
• Highest rates amongst older single men and young single men
• High rate of disguised suicide especially in males
• Greatest risk when depression begins to lift – people can have more energy, but are
still have those feelings, therefore have the energy to carry it out
• Need to assess current risk: Plans, means, opportunity and social support.
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
• Common in extreme latitudes,
• People will tend to drink more,
• Unknown in equatorial countries,
• More common amongst migrants than natives,
• Sunlight is brief relief,
• Related to level of Melatonin secreted by the pineal gland in response to sunlight?
• May work in the reverse when people relocate to sunny climates,
• Not a separate disorder – refers to a seasonal pattern in depression or bipolar
disorder.
Possible Genetic Causes of Depression
• Concordance rates increase with relatedness (67% vs 15%),
• Inherit vulnerability, not the disorder (i.e., predisposition),
• Familiar not actual genetic studies.
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Document Summary
Affective (mood) disorders include: depressive disorders, major depressive disorder need 5 symptoms from the dsm-5, persistent depressive disorder (milder form) need 2 symptoms from the. Wellbeing: bipolar disorders, bd: lifetime 4. 4, cyclothymic disorder: ?% Increased activity and energy: abnormally and persistent elevated, expansive or irritable mood, decreased need for sleep, pressure of speech, Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity: flight of ideas, distractibility, pleasurable risk taking, Possible genetic causes of depression: concordance rates increase with relatedness (67% vs 15%), Inherit vulnerability, not the disorder (i. e. , predisposition): familiar not actual genetic studies. Possible neurochemical cases: serotonin and norepinephrine deficiency, evidence from antidepressants, uncertain mechanism: release, binding, reuptake, inactivation. Be(cid:272)k"s cog(cid:374)itive theor(cid:455) of depressio(cid:374: negative cognitive triad (beliefs) re: self, future and the world, presumably due to stressful life experience, distorted cognitions -> self-fulfilling prophesy, cognitive therapy challenges these distorted beliefs, efficacy equal to antidepressants.
