ANAT20006 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Radial Tuberosity, Shoulder Girdle, Clavicle Fracture
12 Jun 2018
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LECTURE 14
UPPER LIMBS (1) BONES & JOINTS
UPPER LIMB
•Arm = shoulder to elbow, forearm = elbow to hand.
•(2) basic mammalian form: girdle attached to axial skeleton,
principle long bone in the arm, 2 principle long bones in the
forearm, a number of short bones in the wrist and a pentadactyl (5
digit) hand. The way the thumb moves is distinct.
The other 4 fingers are very similar.
•Limb girdle:
•Attached (in front) to axial skeleton
•1 proximal bone
•2 distal bones (one rotates relative to the other)
•Pentadactyl hand
•Thumb rotated 90 degrees to digits (permits
‘opposition’)
SHOULDER GIRDLE BONES
•(4) Shoulder girdle includes clavicle, scapula and
humerus. We can feel clavicle across the chest.
There is a flat bone residing posteriorly, which is
part of the scapula.
•(5) clavicle pushes our shoulders out to our sides
(as compared to a cat or dog whose limbs hang in
front of them). It is a long bone, supporting UL. It
has lacrimal and sternal ends for joints and muscle
& ligament attachments,
•It articulates with the scapula, a free floating flat
bone on the chest wall. It is quite mobile, helping to
reorientate the entire upper limb. Fossae are
depressions used for attachment. One above and
one below the spine. Two posteriorly and one anterior
(sub-scapula fossae). Glenoid fossae is where the humerus
articulates. Also has accordion and coracoid processes.
ARM BONES
•(6) Humerus. Is a long bone with shafts at the ends. Has a head and
neck. Also tuberosities for muscle attachment.
•Hyaline cartilage comes to a stop. Anatomical neck is where the joint
capsule is going to attach. We also have the greater and
lesser tuberosities. Over time as the pull of muscles
remodels bones, we develop these tuberosities. The
biceps tendon resides in the bicipital groove. Condyles/
articular surfaces: Trochlea and capitulum, which are
important for elbow joint.
•Medial and lateral epicondyles also for muscle attachment.
Lecture 14 - Wednesday 23 August 2017
ANAT20006 - HUMAN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
UPPER LIMB ANATOMY: APPLIED
•(7) long bones susceptible to fracture. Not only can we fracture bones, but we can rupture or
injure blood vessels or nerves. Fracture sites: Surgical neck, midshaft, supracondylar.
FOREARM BONES
•(8) distal to the humerus there are the 2 long bones of the form arm. Medial side ulna and lateral
side radius long bones which articulate with each other and with the humerus. There are proximal
and distal joints. The bones are linked via the interosseous membrane, one of the functions of
which is to increase muscle attachment SA. The left bone dark bit is where the bit of the humerus
will articulate.
•The radial notch on the ulna is where the radius attaches to the ulna. Distal bony prominence on
the wrist: styloid process. Ulna begins with a large proximal end but tapers down to a small bone.
The radius does the opposite, beginning
smaller and finishing larger. The ulna is
thus more important for elbow
articulation and radius for wrist.
•The ulnar notch is in the radius where
the ulna articulates. The radial tuberosity
is where the bicep attaches. We also have
a styloid process in the radius too.
WRIST & HAND BONES
•(9) hand has a shit tone of bones. Increases
dexterity. Don’t remember all the wrist carpal
bones (there are 8 of them, in two rows of 4).
They form an arch, not flat. NEED TO
KNOW BOTTOM 2 CARPAL BONES.
•After the carpals we have 5 metacarpals and
then above these we have phalanges. The
thumb is unique; the fingers have 3 phalanges
and the thumb has 2.
•Ulnar is non articular at the wrist. There is an
intra-articular disc there which can’t be seen
in the xRay.
UPPER LIMB JOINTS
•(10) joints are on a continuum from stable to mobile.
•Mobile joints have smaller/less articulation and rely on
other (muscle usually structures for support. They are
susceptible to injury.
•Stable joints: congruent (& often deep) articular surfaces. Tight capsule with strong ligaments.
•Limited range of movement.
•Mobile joints: ball & socket joints most mobile. stability often dependent on (fixator) muscles.
•Susceptible to subluxation or dislocation
SHOULDER COMPLEX JOINTS
•(11) how the upper limb and axial
skeleton articulate. They only articulate
at 1 point; clavicle attaches to sternum
at sternoclavicular joint. Distally, the clavicle attaches
to the accordion process of the scapula, so the
acromioclavicular joint (AC joint) is where this
happens.
Lecture 14 - Wednesday 23 August 2017
ANAT20006 - HUMAN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Document Summary
The other 4 fingers are very similar: limb gir le, atta he (in front) to axial skeleton, 1 proximal bone, 2 istal bones (one rotates relative to the other, penta a tyl han , thumb rotate "0 egrees to igits (permits (cid:281)opposition(cid:282)) Shoulder girdle bones: (4) shoul er gir le in lu es lavi le, s apula an humerus. There is a flat bone resi ing posteriorly, whi h is part of the s apula: (5) clavicle pushes our shoul ers out to our si es (as ompare to a at or og whose limbs hang in front of them). It has la rimal an sternal en s for joints an mus le. & ligament atta hments: it arti ulates with the scapula, a free floating flat bone on the hest wall. It is quite mobile, helping to reorientate the entire upper limb. Is a long bone with shafts at the en s.
