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BIO1042 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Hydrothermal Vent, Cambrian Explosion, Ribosomal Dna

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byzantiumox337
6 Aug 2018
School
Monash University
Department
Science - Biology
Course
BIO1042
Professor
Dr. AkaneUesugi

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Document Summary

Bio1042 lecture 3 + 4 life and diversity. Soon after the oceans were formed is when life believed to have began. Early life: 3. 5 billion years ago: stromatolites have believed have lived, are prokaryotes. Early life: 4. 2 billion years ago: fossilized structure of life from hydrothermal vent in quebec, canada. major events that lead to diversification of life. The evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes: through the theory of endosymbiosis, evidence for the theory of endosymbiosis: mitochondria and plastids are similar to b acteria than to eukaryotes in, ribosomal dna was used to create phylogenetic trees. Multicellular are more complexed and have more processes than unicellular. Fossil records and molecular data records, tell different things. Fossils records are only useful if an organism stays in one piece and doesn"t decay. Molecular data records are only useful if dna is around. New resource environments (e. g. more sunlight, o2 & co2)

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Related Questions

1. Which of the following is NOT an example of evolution?

(a) Beak size in a population of birds becomes larger from onegeneration to the next

because larger beaked birds had higher reproductive success andpassed the trait to

their offspring

(b) Over long periods of time whales gradually lost theirhindlimbs

(c) When traveling to high altitude, human physiology changes toaccommodate lower

oxygen levels

(d) All of the above are examples of evolution

2. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed:

(a) bacteria represent some of the youngest species on earth

(b) organisms can adapt to their environment

(c) life arises spontaneously

(d) all of the above

(e) none of the above

3. Carlos Linnaeus:

(a) devised a system of taxonomy that is still used today

(b) accepted the idea that most of life�s diversity arosethrough the process of evolution

(c) believed that life�s diversity reflected a divine plan

(d) a and b are correct

(e) a and c are correct

4. On what point(s) would Charles Darwin and Jean-BaptisteLamarck have agreed:

(a) adaptation occurs when individuals change to adapt to theirenvironment

(b) life is spontaneously generated all the time

(c) species give rise to new species

(d) simple organisms have existed for a shorter period of timethan complex organisms

(e) they would have disagreed on all of these points

5. Several scientists have argued that life likely existed asfar back as 3.7 billion years ago. They base this claim on:

(a) the presence of biomarkers in rocks of that age

(b) fossils of stromatolites in rocks of that age

(c) fossils of photosynthetic bacteria in rocks of that age

(d) the presence of tiny blobs of mineral-rich fluids in rocksof that age

6. The earliest generally accepted fossils of living organismsare:

(a) yeasts

(b) stromatolites

(c) zircons

(d) carbon isotopes

7. The transition of from single-celled to multi-celledorganisms:

(a) happened once

(b) happened on multiple occasions

(c) occurred before the origin of eukaryotes

(d) a and c are correct

(e) b and c are correct

8. The earliest animal fossils appear similar to modern day:

(a) sponges

(b) archaea

(c) fungi

(d) jellyfish

9. Tetrapods include:

(a) organisms descended from ancestors with four limbs

(b) birds

(c) whales

(d) all of the above

10. Based on current fossil evidence:

(a) whales were likely fully aquatic before they evolvedpeg-like teeth or baleen

(b) evolution of baleen forced whales to become fullyaquatic

(c) the teeth of extinct whales such as Dorudon were similar tothose of extinct land

mammals

(d) a and c are correct

(e) b and c are correct

Question 1 Which characteristic(s) of mitochondria andchloroplasts supports their existence as independent prokaryoticcells that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells?

Question 1 options: their size presence of their own DNA theirself-replication by binary fission all of these characteristicssupport that mitochondria and chloroplasts were independentprokaryotic cells that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells

Question 2 Mitochondria originated from __________, which wereengulfed during __________ endosymbiosis. Chloroplasts originatedfrom __________, which were engulfed during __________endosymbiosis.

Question 2 options: aerobic bacterium; primary; cyanobacteria;primary anaerobic bacterium; primary; cyanobacteria; secondarycyanobacteria; primary; aerobic bacterium; secondary cyanobacteria;primary; aerobic bacterium; primary

Question 3 Saved Secondary endosymbiosis refers to the processby which

Question 3 options: prokaryotes acquired chloroplasts.prokaryotes acquired mitochondria. eukaryotic cells engulfedcyanobacteria. eukaryotic cells with mitochondria engulfed aphotosynthetic.

Question 4 Saved Though there are exceptions, __________ is acommon reproductive strategy among protists.

Question 4 options: sexual reproduction by mitosis asexualreproduction by mitosis binary fission asexual reproduction bymeiosis

Question 5 Protists with chloroplasts are __________ that maketheir own food. Protists that lack chloroplasts ___________ and arethus heterotrophic; this group is generally known as__________.

Question 5 options: parasites; ingest food; protozoansheterotrophs; photosynthesize; plankton photosynthetic autotrophs;ingest or absorb food; protozoans green algae; are parasites;plankton

Question 6 An endosymbiotic protist that does not cause diseaseis likely

Question 6 options: plankton. a protozoan. a parasiticheterotroph. a photosynthetic autotroph.

Question 7 The euglenoids are

Question 7 options: euglenoids can be all of these things.photosynthetic organisms with chloroplasts. heterotrophic organismswithout chloroplasts. flagellated freshwater unicellularorganisms.

Question 8 African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease arecaused by

Question 8 options: amoeboids found in zooplankton. euglenoidswith chloroplasts. photosynthetic protists. parasiticflagellates.

Question 9 Amoeboids feed by

Question 9 options: photosynthesis, by which they make their ownfood in their chloroplasts. phagocytosis, which occurs aspseudopods surround and engulf prey. decomposing dead organisms.absorbing nutrients from their surroundings.

Question 10 Foraminiferans and radiolarians

Question 10 options: share a clade with the amoeboids. areamoeboids with shells called tests. have pseudopods, but are notamoeboids. do not have pseudopods, though they do have shells,called tests.

Question 11 A ciliate might have __________, which dischargestructures that are useful in defense or prey capture.

Question 11 options: anal pores trypanosomes contractilevacuoles trichocysts

Question 12 Ciliates reproduce __________ and have __________ tocontrol metabolism and reproduction.

Question 12 options: both sexually and asexually; two types ofnuclei sexually; a single nucleus asexually; two types of nuclei bybinary fission; a nucleoid

Question 13 The nonmotile apicomplexan Plasmodium vivaxcauses

Question 13 options: Chagas disease. vaginitis. African sleepingsickness. malaria.

Question 14 Which phase of Plasmodium vivax’s life cycle takesplace in the human liver? In the mosquito carrier?

Question 14 options: the sexual phase; the asexual phase theasexual phase; the sexual phase

Question 15 __________ molds are found in forests, fields, andin soil. They exist in two forms, individual amoeboid __________and diploid multinucleated __________.

Question 15 options: Slime; sporangium; flagellated cells Water;sporangium; flagellated cells Slime; cellular slime molds;plasmodial slime molds Water; cellular water molds; plasmodialwater molds

Question 16 __________ are among the most numerous of allunicellular algae in the oceans and produce a major portion of theearths oxygen supply.

Question 16 options: Red algae Sporozoa DinoflagellatesDiatoms

Question 17 The phenomenon known as red tide is caused by

Question 17 options: population explosions in dinoflagellates.population explosions in red algae. built up remains of diatoms.bacterial invasion of the phytoplankton.

Question 18 The seaweed observed on the shoreline in the northtemperate zone, sometimes called kelp, is

Question 18 options: green algae. blue-green algae. red algae.brown algae.

Question 19 Ice cream, sherbet, and cream cheese are made fromalginate, a pectinlike material produced by __________ algae. Anemulsifying agent used in cosmetics and chocolate, as well as thewrappings for sushi rolls are made from extracts or parts of__________ algae.

Question 19 options: brown; green brown; red red; green green;brown

Question 20 Saved Green algae are believed to be closely relatedto the first plants, and are classified as plants by someauthorities, because both groups

Question 20 options: have a cell wall containing cellulose.possess chlorophylls a and b. All of these choices accuratelycomplete this statement. store reserve food in the form ofstarch.