OCTY2209 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Orthostatic Hypotension, Personal Boundaries
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OCTY2209
Week 7
▪ identical twins 40 – 50%
▪ Neurodevelopmental factors – injury in second trimester
▪ Damage at birth
▪ Environmental factors- Stress
▪ Social factors – more common in lower SE groups
▪ Substance misuse – cannabis use
▪ Biomechanical – changes in neurotransmitters Hallucinations
▪ Auditory – hearing voices/ noises
▪ Visual – seeing people
▪ Olfactory – putrid/ foul smells
▪ Gustatory – putrid / foul tastes
▪ Tactile – feelings or sensations
Delusions – false belief which cannot be shaken by reason or argument, and is not in keeping with
the persons culture or religious background.
▪ Paranoid – suspicion, plots
▪ Grandiose – (Prince Charles, God)
▪ Nihilistic – without body parts (I have no stomach)
▪ Unworthiness- I don't deserve to eat
▪ Ideas of reference – certain things have meaning
Medication
Benefits Negatives
▪ Control symptoms ▪ Side effects
▪ Prevent relapse ▪ Cost of medication
▪ Improve functioning ▪ Feelings of being controlled
▪ Reduce stigma ▪ Stigma in taking medication
▪ Greater feeling over control ▪ Disempowerment
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Types
▪ Anxiolytic – decrease anxiety ▪ Antidepressants – relieve
▪ Hyprotics – promote sleep symptoms
▪ Antipsychotic – control ▪ Mood stabilising
delusions ▪ Psychotimolants – elevate
mood
▪ Cognitive enhancing How do they work?
▪ Black receptors
▪ Block reuptake of neurotransmitter
▪ Promite breakdown of neurotransmitter
▪ Promote growth of neurotransmitter
Two broad classes of Antipsychotics
Typical/ Old
▪ Block dopamine
▪ Many side effects
▪ Effective for positive symptoms Atypical / new
▪ Block NT
▪ Fewer side effects
▪ Less motor side effects
▪ Positive and negative symptoms
▪ Expensive
▪ Improves cognitive deficits
Side Effects
1. Stimulation of dopamine receptors Agitation, aggression of psychosis
2. Stimulation of noradrenaline receptors Activation, hypertension, panic
3. Blockade of H1 histamine receptors Sedation, weight gain
4. Blockade of muscarinic receptors blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation
5. Blockade of alpha adrenergic receptors Dizziness, orthostatic hypotension,
tachycardia
6. Stimulation of serotonin receptors Agitation, akathia, anxiety panic attacks, insomnia,
sexual dysfunction
Document Summary
Environmental factors- stress identical twins 40 50% Social factors more common in lower se groups. Nihilistic without body parts (i have no stomach) Ideas of reference certain things have meaning. Delusions false belief which cannot be shaken by reason or argument, and is not in keeping with the persons culture or religious background. Feelings of being controlled: reduce stigma . Stigma in taking medication: greater feeling over control . Agitation, aggression of psychosis: stimulation of noradrenaline receptors. Activation, hypertension, panic: blockade of h1 histamine receptors. Sedation, weight gain: blockade of muscarinic receptors blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, blockade of alpha adrenergic receptors. Dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia: stimulation of serotonin receptors. Agitation, akathia, anxiety panic attacks, insomnia, sexual dysfunction. Factors contributing to non compliance than mania memory deficits. Bipolar disorder extreme moods of elation (mania) to severe deperssion. Mania/hypomania some people only experience mania, hypomania is milder.
