6529 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Male Reproductive System, Glans Penis, Leydig Cell

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rosesnake130

19 Jun 2018

School

University of Canberra

Department

University of Canberra

Course

6529

Professor

Disa Smee

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Male Reproductive System Continued

Penis

Made up or the shaft, end tip (glans penis)

and foreskin (loose skin that covers the tip

of the penis)

- The opening of the urethra is at the

tip of the penis

- The penis isn’t that important for

overall reproduction , it is basically

just a delivery system designed to

get male gametes ( cells that

reunite with females cells to make

babies) as close as possible to the female vagina

- The penis fills with blood during sexual arousal making it stand up and expand

Internally

- Contains 3 layers of erectile tissues each wrapped in a

layer of connective tissue

Hormonal regulation of the male reproductive system

The initiation of spermatogenesis occurs durin puberty due to the interaction of the

hypothalamus, pituitary gakbd and leydig cells.

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Document Summary

Made up or the shaft, end tip (glans penis) and foreskin (loose skin that covers the tip of the penis) The opening of the urethra is at the tip of the penis. The penis isn t that important for overall reproduction , it is basically just a delivery system designed to get male gametes ( cells that reunite with females cells to make babies) as close as possible to the female vagina. The penis fills with blood during sexual arousal making it stand up and expand. Contains 3 layers of erectile tissues each wrapped in a layer of connective tissue. The initiation of spermatogenesis occurs durin puberty due to the interaction of the hypothalamus, pituitary gakbd and leydig cells. Testosterone = stimulates sex drive and is made in the interstitial cells of the testes. Inhibin = is secreted by sertoli cells and acts to decrease levels of fsh. It is released when the sperm count is too high.

Related Questions

Summarize this article in your own words and cite references.

Winnie Mandela Male Sexual Health Clinic Celebrates its 10,000th Circumcision in 2012

Inspiring quotes about innovation and working together plaster the walls at the Winnie Mandela Male Sexual Health Clinic in Tembisa, South Africa, based in a township outside of Johannesburg. But the sentiment is far more than decorationâitâs the heart and brains that drives the clinic to become a model of success.

Using metal cargo containers as low-cost buildings for the clinic, developing the team strategically, creating mobilized outreach community programs, setting up HIV counseling and testing (HCT) as a first separate stage, creating an electronic-based system, and creating a diversity of counseling services are the cornerstones of their successes. âWe are always looking for innovation,â said Helen Kirsby-Green, Director of Operations. âWe are determined to constantly review and change to serve our patients and the community better.â The location for the medical male circumcision (MMC) clinic was carefully chosen near a primary care facility to serve a poor, dense population of 80,000 with squatter camps, people out of work, and a hub of people coming and going. Yet the area has important catchments to bring people in, like a library, schools, hospital, and taxi stands.

But if they had waited for people to come in, they wouldnât have celebrated serving their 10,000th circumcised client on October 26, 2012, after officially opening in little more than one year. They started at 20 clients per day and are now at 80.

MMC clinics are just one tool in the national plan to lower the rate of HIV in South Africa. Multiple studies have shown that circumcision reduces rates of HIV by 60%. But the clinic goes beyond just MMC. It is designed to be a hub of integrated care and counseling that achieves a greater health impact in the community.

Outreach teams are an essential key to success by educating and recruiting patients, generating community demand, and building trust in the community. The teams and their mobile vans reach out to workplaces, labor unions, public places like train stations, taxi stands, shopping malls, and schools. They even go door-to-door, reaching out to shacks in the surrounding squatter camps. In addition to recruiting men to undergo medical male circumcision â an evidence-based method of preventing HIV transmission -- these teams provide HIV counseling and testing and other health services.

The clinic is a smooth set of operations: incoming men are divided into âbuddyâ teams, supporting each other through each efficient step of being registered, counseled and tested for HIV, introduced to the procedure, undergoing health examination, and finally ending with the circumcision. This buddy system in a setting of quality and quantity creates a safe, trustworthy, and nurturing environment. No patient wanders or wonders where heâs to go, and theyâre never alone.

A separate parent-preadolescent program was developed for those younger than 15 years (studies show most adolescents are sexually active at age 15). The mother and child are kept together. Staff has learned that the parent doesnât brief the child beforehand, and that the child doesnât tell the mother about the 48-hr hygiene practices after MMC to ensure rapid healing. So both are instructed at the same time.

Finally each male going through the process is exposed to gender education. Aurum educates boys and men about masculinity and dispels gender stereotypes that are common in the area. The counselors work to build knowledgeable ambassadors in the community, since friends believe what friends say. Itâs an open forum, where older males can overhear the teenâs discussion and learn. Older men also receive messages on reducing multiple, concurrent sexual partners.

Aurum Research Institute launched the Winnie Mandela Male Sexual Health Clinic with funding from PEPFAR through CDC in March, 2012. In October 2012 Aurum circumcised their 10,000th patient, John John Tsietsi Nkuna, aged 40 years.

If an organismâs diploid chromosome number is 18, how many different possible combinations of homologous chromosomes lining up during meiosis exist for the eggs or sperm produced by that organism?

	A.	512
	B.	9
	C.	18
	D.	128
	E.	36

At the end of metaphase I, _______________ separate.

	A.	sister chromatids
	B.	germ cells
	C.	homologous chromosomes
	D.	haploid chromatids
	E.	centrioles

Mendel observed that dominant traits

	A.	are seen in all of the F1 hybrid pea plants in his experiments.
	B.	are expressed in all plants.
	C.	were absent in the F1 generation of pea plants that he used in his experiments.
	D.	were the only traits seen in the F2 generation of pea plants in his experiments.
	E.	are only expressed in hybrids.

Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because

	A.	there is no difference.
	B.	in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into two parts.
	C.	the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plant cells.
	D.	plant cells have a rigid cell wall.
	E.	a contractile ring forms only in plant cells.

Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type of inheritance?

	A.	complete dominance
	B.	incomplete dominance
	C.	codominance
	D.	multiple alleles
	E.	recessive dominance

Which of the following statements is true:

	A.	The dominant allele is masked in homozygous dominant individuals.
	B.	With recessive genetic disorders, if both parents are carriers, the offspring will all be affected.
	C.	In carriers, the recessive allele causes an intermediate phenotype.
	D.	In recessive genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.
	E.	With dominant genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.

Skin cancers typically develop in the

	A.	upper layers of the epidermis.
	B.	lower layers of the dermis.
	C.	subcutaneous layer.
	D.	lower layers of the epidermis.
	E.	upper layers of the dermis.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) is inherited from an X-linked recessive allele. What is the probability that a son with Duchenne MD inherited this disease from his biological father?

	A.	1/2
	B.	0
	C.	1/16
	D.	1/4
	E.	1/8

The genetic makeup of a particular trait in an individual is its

	A.	genotype.
	B.	heterozygosity.
	C.	phenotype.
	D.	filial.
	E.	dominance.

What structure holds the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers?

	A.	chromatin
	B.	kinetochore
	C.	MPF
	D.	centromere
	E.	cyclin

If you view a cell in which the genetic material is beginning to be visible as separate bodies, and the nucleus has disappeared from view, you may surmise that the cells is in

	A.	telophase.
	B.	anaphase.
	C.	interphase.
	D.	metaphase.
	E.	prophase.

Gregor Mendel was successful in his analysis of the genetics of pea plants because

	A.	he examined and analyzed both the F1 and F2 generations.
	B.	he studied the parental plants to determine their differences.
	C.	he decided to only look at his results in an objective manner.
	D.	he studied a trait that had a strange inheritance pattern.
	E.	pea plants have genetics different from other organisms.

Tall corn plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (tt). Solid green leaves (G) are dominant to leaves with a white tip (gg). A cross between two corn plants yielded the following phenotypes: 51 tall plants with a white tip on their leaves; 43 dwarf plants with solid leaves; 48 dwarf plants with white tips on their leaves; 45 tall plants with solid leaves. What are the genotypes of the parents that produced these plants?

	A.	None of the above
	B.	TtGg x Ttgg
	C.	ttGG x TTgg
	D.	TtGg x TtGg
	E.	TtGg x ttgg

In humans, a gene that has been identified as causing a type of skin cancer is the

	A.	superwoman echidna.
	B.	mutant superman.
	C.	sonic hedgehog.
	D.	mutant mole rat.
	E.	superhero aardvark.

The segregation principle states that in sexually reproducing diploid organisms the two copies of each gene

	A.	segregate from each other during meiosis.
	B.	must always be the same allele.
	C.	separate from each other during mitosis.
	D.	will both wind up in either the sperm or egg.
	E.	move together as a unit during meiosis.

In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctly referred to as chromatids?

	A.	metaphase and telophase
	B.	anaphase and metaphase
	C.	interphase and telophase
	D.	interphase and prophase
	E.	metaphase and prophase

Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes, each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of a dihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either the parental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes are formed because of

	A.	the principle of dihybrids.
	B.	multiple alleles.
	C.	heterozygosity.
	D.	incomplete dominance.
	E.	independent assortment.

An allele is

	A.	an alternate form of a gene.
	B.	always recessive.
	C.	the main factor determining a trait.
	D.	always one of a pair.
	E.	the dominant form of a gene.

After the DNA is replicated, and it condenses in prophase, two identical rods of DNA are seen. These are

	A.	spindle fibers.
	B.	kinetochores.
	C.	chromatids.
	D.	chromatin.
	E.	centromeres.

Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upon division are called

	A.	egg cells.
	B.	somatic cells.
	C.	germ cells.
	D.	stem cells.
	E.	basal cells.