7128 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Antisocial Personality Disorder, Paranoid Personality Disorder, Big Five Personality Traits
21 Jun 2018
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PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Defining personality
- A persistent pattern of thinking and feeling and behaving that is pervasive across situations and
enduring over time
- Genetic basis of personality traits (40-60%)
oBig biological influence
oEnvironment affects expression of traits
Doesn’t have to be trauma
- Five factor model identifies five essential traits on a continuum
oNeuroticism
oExtroversion
oOpenness to experience
Looking for opportunities to experience new things
Might not be linked to personality disorders
oConscientiousness
Thoughtfulness, doing right thing
oAgreeableness
Wanting to get along with others
- Millon (1981) identified three core features that differentiate disordered personality from
normal-range problematic behaviours
oFunctional inflexibility
No change despite inappropriate or ineffective strategies
oSelf-defeating behaviour patterns
Typical responses that are damaging and exacerbate situation
oTenuous stability under stress and marked instability in mood, thinking and behaviour
during difficult life events
Instability in moods, not being able to cope or adapt to situations
Conceptualizations
- Categorical
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oPsychiatric classification
oDSM-5; meeting criteria for diagnoses
- Dimensional
oRanges from normality to severe
oLike a spectrum
Where you sit on the traits
- Normal vs abnormal traits
oExtreme variants of normal traits
oAbnormal traits that only exist is disordered individuals
DSM-5 definition
- DSM-5 defines personality disorder as enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to and thinking
about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal
contexts
- Differ from the individuals cultural group
- Cause significant personal distress and impairment in functioning
- Has to be pervasive and enduring patterns
DSM-5 diagnoses
- 10 personality disorders categories in one of 3 clusters
oCluster A: odd or eccentric traits and behaviours, mistrusting, difficult to engage (for
treatment)
Paranoid personality disorder
oCluster B: dramatic, emotional, erratic traits, aggression, inappropriate demands, self-
destructive behaviour
Antisocial personality
Inconsistent behaviours
oCluster C: anxious and fearful traits, dependent
Feeling unsafe, being very dependent
General epidemiology
- Onset in adolescence or early adulthood
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- Prevalence studies have yielded wide ranging estimates from 6-14% in community samples and
25-40% in clinical setting
- Each of the specific personality disorders has a prevalence of around 1-2% but 2-4% for
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
- Borderline personality disorder associated with the greatest level of disability
- Pre 18 diagnosis besides antisocial personality disorder
oIf symptoms for at least a year
oNot often as a child
General Aetiology
- Complex aetiology and clinical presentations reflected in untested theoretical models
- Genetic predisposition + life events
oAttachment to caregivers
oTrauma
oNeglect
oDeprivation in childhood
- These are generally predictive
- Five factor model (mccrae and costa, 1984)
oExtremely high or low levels of 5 core traits
oOpenness not associated with personality disturbance
- Becks Cognitive model
oDysfunctional core beliefs of self, other and the world
oPersonality disorder results from
Specific maladaptive core beliefs
Beliefs about self and world
Beliefs influence processing of information to maintain dysfunctional beliefs
oTypical treatment needs to be altered for personality disorders
Young’s schema therapy model
- Schemas establishes in memory and operate automatically to influence information processing
and responding
oCognition
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Document Summary
A persistent pattern of thinking and feeling and behaving that is pervasive across situations and enduring over time. Genetic basis of personality traits (40-60%: big biological influence, environment affects expression of traits. Five factor model identifies five essential traits on a continuum: neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience. Might not be linked to personality disorders: conscientiousness. Millon (1981) identified three core features that differentiate disordered personality from normal-range problematic behaviours: functional inflexibility. No change despite inappropriate or ineffective strategies: self-defeating behaviour patterns. Typical responses that are damaging and exacerbate situation: tenuous stability under stress and marked instability in mood, thinking and behaviour during difficult life events. Instability in moods, not being able to cope or adapt to situations. Categorical: psychiatric classification, dsm-5; meeting criteria for diagnoses. Dimensional: ranges from normality to severe, like a spectrum. Normal vs abnormal traits: extreme variants of normal traits, abnormal traits that only exist is disordered individuals.
