PHAR3816 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Maple Syrup Urine Disease, Diabetes Insipidus, Chronic Kidney Disease
22 Jul 2018
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Document Summary
For renal function, urinary tract disease, and the presence of certain systemic diseases. Physical (colour, turbidity, odour, specific gravity and osmolality) Chemical (ph, hb, glucose, protein, glucose, ketone, leukocyte esterase, nitrates, bilirubin) Microscopic examinations (rbc, wbc, epithelial cells, casts, bacteria) Healthy urine is clear and ranges in colour from pale yellow to deep gold. Changes in colour can result from drugs, diet or disease. A red colour may indicate the presence of blood or phenolphthalein (a laxative) A brownish yellow colour may indicate the presence of conjugated bilirubin: other shades of red, orange or brown may be caused by ingestion of various drugs (e. g. rifampin) Average excretion of healthy adult = ~1400 + 800ml/24hours. Low urine output (oliguria) <400ml/24 hours = acute renal failure. Excessive urine output (polyuria) >3l/24 hours = chronic renal disease, diabetes insipidus, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, or overuse of diuretics. Characteristic odour - fresh urine may be affected by foods e. g. asparagus.
