PHSI3012 Lecture 9: l9
2 Oct 2019
School
Department
Course
Professor
LECTURE 9: EPITHELIAL TUMOURS
Types of Cancer
• Carcinomas
• Sarcoma
• Leukemia
• Lymphoma
• Brain/neural cancers
Epithelial cancers
Carcinoma: breast, prostate, kidney, lung,
pancreas, colon…
Types
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Basal cell carcinoma
• Adenocarcinoma
• Ductal carcinoma in-situ
• Transitional cell carcinoma
DEFINE THE STAGES OF CANCER PROGRESSION
Breast cancer
Prostate cancer
• Incidence
• Genetic vs
sporadic
• Heterogenous
disease
• Progression
Symptoms
1. Displeasure from residual urine
2. Weak urine
3. Urgent urine
4. Frequent urine at night
5. Much force needed
6. Losing libido
Risk factors
• Age, ethnicity, genetics, diet, hormones, obesity
Diagnosis: DRE, PSA, biopsy
Prognosis: localised vs metastatic
Types: adenocarcinoma/neuroendocrine à androgen dependent/castration
resistant
Progression
Metastatic disease is osteoblastic
Prostate cancer staging
• Tumour Node Metastasis (TNM) system
o E.g. T1N0M0, T3N3M1
Gleason grade (for cancers)
• Pathology scored according to 2 most common cell types
• Scores added together to produce Gleason grade (4+2=6)
• Gleason grade 6 is lowest prostate cancer score
