ESH110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Pragmatics, Phonics
Lecture: Oral+language+ development+ Watch+ now
•
Lecture
Three+ short sections+of+Fellowes+ and+Oakley+ (2014)+on+oral+language.+ See+ pages:
-16-26+(components)
-53-61+(stages)
-69-81+(roles)
•
Readings
Notes
Some% Points%About%Language
•
-Language+ is+connected+to+meaning
-Language+ reflects+culture
-Language+ is+connected+to+identity
-Language+ reflects+change
-Language+ is+generative+ and+creative
Language%Acquisition
Experts+ in+oral+ language+ development+ are+ not+100%+sure+about+ the+ acquisition+on+language,+ as+there+ is+still+so+much+to+
discover+about+the+brain+and+how+it+develops+and+about+language+ specifically.
-Complex+and+therefore+ an+extraordinary+ achievement
-An+ongoing+ proces s
-Learning+ is+crucially+and+intricately+ scaffolded+through+interactions+ with+caregivers+ and+parents
-Language+ is+learned+ in+the+process+of+making+ social+meanings+ with+others
(Halliday,+ 1978,+1993;+Painter,+1985,+1989,+2007)
•
Notes+from+Oral+Language+ Development+ Lecture
What%is%acquired?
-We+ essentially+ acquire+four+things+to+speak+for+the+first+time:
(four+components+of+oral+language)
Phonology:+speech+sounds
Semantics:+ meanings+ of+words+and+ word+combinations
Syntax:+ grammar
Pragmatics:+ use+of+language+ in+social+contexts
-Children+always+ learn+expressive+ and+receptive+ skills+for+language;
expressive+ s kills+involve+ speaking+ or+producing+s ounds +and+words
receptive+ skills+involve+ listening+ to+and+ interpreting+ oral+ language
•
The% Functions %of%Language
-As+well+ as+learning+ language+ and+ what+ this+consists+of,+children+are+ also+learning+ about+how+ and+why+ we+ use+language
-Essentially,+ every+ use+of+language+ involves+three+ kinds+of+meanings+ that+ are+ occurring+ at+the+ s ame+ time;
Experiential:+ us ing+language+ to+express+ ideas
Interpersonal:+ using+language+ to+interact+ with+ others
Textual:+ using+ language+ to+create+ cohesive+ texts
(Framework+ developed+ by+Halliday,1985)
•
Stages%of%Oral%Language%Development
Many+studies+over+many+years+have+ attempted+ to+describe+ the+process+of+language+ development.+ +
•
Stage+ 1:+Pre-linguistic+ stage+ (newborns-11months)
Receptive+ skills:
newborns+(first+4+weeks)-listen+ to+sounds+and+startle
2-3+months-typically+turn+their+head+ to+hear+ you+speaking,+ might+ smile+if+they+like+ you+ and+pay+ attention+to+new+ sounds
4-6+months-start+to+respond+to+the+word+no,+enjoy+funny+sounds
7-11+months-can+recognize+their+own+name+and+of+some+other+ objects
Expressive+ skills:
newborns-sounds+of+discomfort,+crying
2-3+months-sounds+of+pleasure+also,+and+'cooing'+sounds
4-6+months-start+to+experiment+ with+sounds+such+as+gurgling,+humming,+kissing,+babbling+(ma)
7-11+months-babbling+becomes+more+ complex+(mamamama)
1.
Stage+ 2:+One+ word+ (holophrastic)+stage+ (1-2+years)
Receptive+ skills:
receptive+ vocabulary+ of+about+100-300+words.+can+understand+many+more+words+even+ if+they+cant+speak+at+the+same+level+
of+complexity,+ point+to+items+and+understand+simple+commands
Expressive+ skills:
5-50+word+vocabulary.+ use+one+word+for+whole+sentences;+ mainly+nouns+and+names+of+things+or+people
2.
Stage+ 3:+Two+ word+(telegraphic)+ stage+(2-3+years)
Receptive+ skills:
love+ listening+ to+songs+and+story's,+ can+comprehend+ commands+ that+have+ two+steps
Expressive+ skills:
can+say+50-200+words.+can+now+specify+using+more+than+one+word+(often+just+a+noun+and+a+verb+e.g+ cat+funny).+by+age+
three+ they+can+say+1000+words+and+can+ask+questions+and+describe+
3.
Stage+ 4:+Complete+ sentences+ stage+ (3-6+years)
Receptive+ skills:
normal+to+be+able+to+understand+a+broad+range+ of+sentences.+ by+6+years+the+expected+ receptive+ vocabulary+ is+up+to+10000+
but+can't+necessarily+say+them+all
Expressive+ skills:
can+talk+about+things+that+are+not+in+the+present+time.+ around+6+they+can+express+around+2600+words
4.
Stage+ 5:+Symbolic+ language+ stage+ (7-8+years)
Receptive+ skills:
receptive+ vocabulary+ of+up+to+25000.+understand+that+ language+ needs+ to+be+ used+differently+ depending+ on+the+ context
Expressive+ skills:
can+express+over+3000+words+of+vocabulary.+ can+talk+about+their+feelings,+ ideas+and+suggest+solutions+to+problems
(provided+in+the+Fellows+&+Oakley,+ 2014)
5.
Adolescence:
Social+ context+ of+language
Develop+the+capacity+for+abstract+thought
Metalinguistic+ knowledge
-
THE% BIG%6%Reading%Components
-Oral+Language
-Phonics
-Phonemic+Awareness
-Comprehension
-Vocabulary
-Fluency
•
Forms%of%Oral%Language%(p.19-20%for%expansion%of%details)
Oral+language+ is+either:+
-Expressive+ (speaking)
-Receptive+ (listening)
They+ are+ equally+ important+ to+effective+ communication+ growth-modelling+ from+parents/caregivers+ is+important
•
Properties%of%Language%(p.20%for%expansion%of%details)
-Language+ is+arbitrary
-Language+ has+structure
-Language+ is+generative
-Language+ has+the+capacity+for+displacement
-Language+ is+linked+to+thought
-Language+ is+natural
•
Components%of%Oral%Language%(p.21-26%for%expansion%of%details)
Oral+Language+ is+made+ up+for+four+key+components:+
-Phonological+component+(sound+patterns+of+a+language)
-Syntactic+ component+ (system+ of+structuring+sentences)
-Semantic+ component+ (meaning+ of+words+and+sentences)
-Pragmatic+ component+(use+of+language+ in+particular+ contexts)
•
Stages%of%Oral%Language%Development% (p.53-61%for%expansion%of%details)
Stage+ 1:+Pre-linguistic+ stage
Stage+ 2:+One+ word+ (holophrastic)+stage
Stage+ 3:+Two+ word+(telegraphic)+ stage
Stage+ 4:+Complete+ sentences+ stage
Stage+ 5:+Symbolic+ language+ stage
•
Notes+from+Readings+
Week$2-Oral$Language$Development
Lecture: Oral+language+ development+ Watch+ now•
Lecture
Three+ short sections+of+Fellowes+ and+Oakley+ (2014)+on+oral+language.+ See+ pages:
-16-26+(components)
-53-61+(stages)
-69-81+(roles)
•
Readings
Notes
Some% Points%About%Language•
-Language+ is+connected+to+meaning
-Language+ reflects+culture
-Language+ is+connected+to+identity
-Language+ reflects+change
-Language+ is+generative+ and+creative
Language%Acquisition
Experts+ in+oral+ language+ development+ are+ not+100%+sure+about+ the+ acquisition+on+language,+ as+there+ is+still+so+much+to+
discover+about+the+brain+and+how+it+develops+and+about+language+ specifically.
-Complex+and+therefore+ an+extraordinary+ achievement
-An+ongoing+ proces s
-Learning+ is+crucially+and+intricately+ scaffolded+through+interactions+ with+caregivers+ and+parents
-Language+ is+learned+ in+the+process+of+making+ social+meanings+ with+others
(Halliday,+ 1978,+1993;+Painter,+1985,+1989,+2007)
•
Notes+from+Oral+Language+ Development+ Lecture
What%is%acquired?
-We+ essentially+ acquire+four+things+to+speak+for+the+first+time:
(four+components+of+oral+language)
Phonology:+speech+sounds
Semantics:+ meanings+ of+words+and+ word+combinations
Syntax:+ grammar
Pragmatics:+ use+of+language+ in+social+contexts
-Children+always+ learn+expressive+ and+receptive+ skills+for+language;
expressive+ s kills+involve+ speaking+ or+producing+s ounds +and+words
receptive+ skills+involve+ listening+ to+and+ interpreting+ oral+ language
•
The% Functions %of%Language
-As+well+ as+learning+ language+ and+ what+ this+consists+of,+children+are+ also+learning+ about+how+ and+why+ we+ use+language
-Essentially,+ every+ use+of+language+ involves+three+ kinds+of+meanings+ that+ are+ occurring+ at+the+ s ame+ time;
Experiential:+ us ing+language+ to+express+ ideas
Interpersonal:+ using+language+ to+interact+ with+ others
Textual:+ using+ language+ to+create+ cohesive+ texts
(Framework+ developed+ by+Halliday,1985)
•
Stages%of%Oral%Language%Development
Many+studies+over+many+years+have+ attempted+ to+describe+ the+process+of+language+ development.+ +
•
Stage+ 1:+Pre-linguistic+ stage+ (newborns-11months)
Receptive+ skills:
newborns+(first+4+weeks)-listen+ to+sounds+and+startle
2-3+months-typically+turn+their+head+ to+hear+ you+speaking,+ might+ smile+if+they+like+ you+ and+pay+ attention+to+new+ sounds
4-6+months-start+to+respond+to+the+word+no,+enjoy+funny+sounds
7-11+months-can+recognize+their+own+name+and+of+some+other+ objects
Expressive+ skills:
newborns-sounds+of+discomfort,+crying
2-3+months-sounds+of+pleasure+also,+and+'cooing'+sounds
4-6+months-start+to+experiment+ with+sounds+such+as+gurgling,+humming,+kissing,+babbling+(ma)
7-11+months-babbling+becomes+more+ complex+(mamamama)
1.
Stage+ 2:+One+ word+ (holophrastic)+stage+ (1-2+years)
Receptive+ skills:
receptive+ vocabulary+ of+about+100-300+words.+can+understand+many+more+words+even+ if+they+cant+speak+at+the+same+level+
of+complexity,+ point+to+items+and+understand+simple+commands
Expressive+ skills:
5-50+word+vocabulary.+ use+one+word+for+whole+sentences;+ mainly+nouns+and+names+of+things+or+people
2.
Stage+ 3:+Two+ word+(telegraphic)+ stage+(2-3+years)
Receptive+ skills:
love+ listening+ to+songs+and+story's,+ can+comprehend+ commands+ that+have+ two+steps
Expressive+ skills:
can+say+50-200+words.+can+now+specify+using+more+than+one+word+(often+just+a+noun+and+a+verb+e.g+ cat+funny).+by+age+
three+ they+can+say+1000+words+and+can+ask+questions+and+describe+
3.
Stage+ 4:+Complete+ sentences+ stage+ (3-6+years)
Receptive+ skills:
normal+to+be+able+to+understand+a+broad+range+ of+sentences.+ by+6+years+the+expected+ receptive+ vocabulary+ is+up+to+10000+
but+can't+necessarily+say+them+all
Expressive+ skills:
can+talk+about+things+that+are+not+in+the+present+time.+ around+6+they+can+express+around+2600+words
4.
Stage+ 5:+Symbolic+ language+ stage+ (7-8+years)
Receptive+ skills:
receptive+ vocabulary+ of+up+to+25000.+understand+that+ language+ needs+ to+be+ used+differently+ depending+ on+the+ context
Expressive+ skills:
can+express+over+3000+words+of+vocabulary.+ can+talk+about+their+feelings,+ ideas+and+suggest+solutions+to+problems
(provided+in+the+Fellows+&+Oakley,+ 2014)
5.
Adolescence:
Social+ context+ of+language
Develop+the+capacity+for+abstract+thought
Metalinguistic+ knowledge
-
THE% BIG%6%Reading%Components
-Oral+Language
-Phonics
-Phonemic+Awareness
-Comprehension
-Vocabulary
-Fluency
•
Forms%of%Oral%Language%(p.19-20%for%expansion%of%details)
Oral+language+ is+either:+
-Expressive+ (speaking)
-Receptive+ (listening)
They+ are+ equally+ important+ to+effective+ communication+ growth-modelling+ from+parents/caregivers+ is+important
•
Properties%of%Language%(p.20%for%expansion%of%details)
-Language+ is+arbitrary
-Language+ has+structure
-Language+ is+generative
-Language+ has+the+capacity+for+displacement
-Language+ is+linked+to+thought
-Language+ is+natural
•
Components%of%Oral%Language%(p.21-26%for%expansion%of%details)
Oral+Language+ is+made+ up+for+four+key+components:+
-Phonological+component+(sound+patterns+of+a+language)
-Syntactic+ component+ (system+ of+structuring+sentences)
-Semantic+ component+ (meaning+ of+words+and+sentences)
-Pragmatic+ component+(use+of+language+ in+particular+ contexts)
•
Stages%of%Oral%Language%Development% (p.53-61%for%expansion%of%details)
Stage+ 1:+Pre-linguistic+ stage
Stage+ 2:+One+ word+ (holophrastic)+stage
Stage+ 3:+Two+ word+(telegraphic)+ stage
Stage+ 4:+Complete+ sentences+ stage
Stage+ 5:+Symbolic+ language+ stage
•
Notes+from+Readings+
Week$2-Oral$Language$Development
Document Summary
Three short sections of fellowes and oakley (2014) on oral language. Experts in oral language development are not 100% sure about the acquisition on language, as there is still so much to discover about the brain and how it develops and about language specifically. Learning is crucially and intricately scaffolded through interactions with caregivers and parents. Language is learned in the process of making social meanings with others (halliday, 1978, 1993; painter, 1985, 1989, 2007) We essentially acquire four things to speak for the first time: (four components of oral language) Children always learn expressive and receptive skills for language; expressive skills involve speaking or producing sounds and words receptive skills involve listening to and interpreting oral language. As well as learning language and what this consists of, children are also learning about how and why we use language. Essentially, every use of language involves three kinds of meanings that are occurring at the same time;
