KHA359 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Analgesic, Nicotine, Relapse Prevention
30 Jun 2018
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Health psychology Review Lecture: week 13
Pain:
- Acute pain: three to six months
- Chronic pain: longer than this
- Prevalence: something that effects a lot of people
oAssociated with a significant amount of money
- Risk factors: help predict
oUnemployed
oDisability benefit receivers
- Pain sufferings:
oRating of overall health will be poor
oImpacts quality of life in a number of domains
- Associated with lower mental health
oMost prominent comorbidity is depression and anxiety
oControl pathway: chronic pain makes you think you have less control
over life, including the pain
- Living with pain:
oPrevention of engaging in many aspects of life
oStructure activities around pain
Or around the avoidance of pain
oLack of activity leads to more pain and therefore increased feelings of
depression
oImpacts how we perceived bodily pain
Depression or anxiety
- Gains:
oPrimary gains
Expression of pain might result in avoiding an unpleasant
activity
oSecondary gains:
Expression of pain results in help from others
oTertiary gain:
Helping someone in pain gives you are positive feeling that you
are doing something good
oVicious circle however:
Primary to secondary to tertiary gains:
Reinforce pain behaviour
Don’t have to do things
Reinforce behaviour
Inactivity:
People do things for you
Avoid pain activity
Muscle weakness / more pain
oFive D’s: Brena and Chapman
-Perception of pain:
oSpecicity theory:
Pain receptors in the brain
Biological theories
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
What about pain in the absence of receptors
We have pain receptors that don’t transmit pain
Psychologically derived pain
oPsychological pain:
Anxiety and depression decreases pain tolerance and increase
self reported pain
Induced mood states:
Asked to talk about upsetting aspects of pain, they have
less pain tolerance
If they talk about the positive aspects, they have greater
tolerance
Paying more attention to symptoms when we are
experiencing negative affect
Attention:
When we focus on the source of pain it is perceived as
worse
Eg. Distraction during sports games
oButcher soccer player
oMore important than experiencing pain at the
time
If we don’t have enough free resources to focus on pain
Cognition:
Attributions we have in the course of pain:
What we think caused the pain:
oAcute vs. chronic beliefs
oMake the experiences of pain better or worse
oIf made to believe their pain is due to a physical
reason, less likely to participate in exercise than
those who believe it has a psychological cause
Beliefs about the ability to tolerate pain:
oCompare to self efficacy
oIf we believe we can hold our hand in water for
a long time, then we
Beliefs about control pain: do we have means
oDeep breath, drugs..
oThey will be more likely to tolerate more pain
Expectation:
oThat something we have been given reduces
pain
oPlacebo studies: acupuncture study
Outperformed medication
Traditional Chinese methods and sham
one; no significant difference between
the two, and also outperformed
medication
oPain in Indigenous communities:
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Results are due to spiritual, relationships, land relationship
losses
oRole of social support in pain experience:
Stranger and no hand hold have similarly bad reduction in pain
Spouse
oSwearing:
Cold presser experiment
Moderated by how much you swear in everyday life: if you are
a frequent swearer, it may not have much effect
oMore likely to tolerate pain if we have symbolic representations of
support
-Psychobiological theory of pain:
oGATE CONTROL THEORY
Pain receptors always work, but only transmit pain signal in
specific circumstances
Physical damage information from receptors get transmitted to
gates
Social and psychological conditions determine whether these
gates are activated and take in information of pain
Related emotional and cognition such a fear, alarm etc.
oNocireceptors
Neurofibres that deal with how pain is transmitted
A delta fibres: sharp pain
C: throbbing pain
oFocusing on pain reduces the release on endorphins
- Measuring pain:
oFaces, or other scales
oThese ways of assessing pain have different meanings in different
cultures
- Coping with pain: interventions
oBehavioural interventions:
Reinforce adaptive behaviours
Exercise
Modifying attention
Analgesic medication:
Give it at certain times
Not in response to behaviour
oEffective CBT treatment:
oRelaxation:
Facilitates by biofeedback, galvanic skin responses
Main points for study:
-Gate control theory
-Psychological factors that influence pain
oWhy biological models are not fully comprehensive
Symptom perception:
- Context is important:
oMore likely to experience symptoms in certain symptoms
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Prevalence: something that effects a lot of people: associated with a significant amount of money. Risk factors: help predict: unemployed, disability benefit receivers. Pain sufferings: rating of overall health will be poor, impacts quality of life in a number of domains. Associated with lower mental health: most prominent comorbidity is depression and anxiety, control pathway: chronic pain makes you think you have less control over life, including the pain. Living with pain: prevention of engaging in many aspects of life, structure activities around pain. Or around the avoidance of pain: lack of activity leads to more pain and therefore increased feelings of depression, impacts how we perceived bodily pain. Expression of pain might result in avoiding an unpleasant activity: secondary gains: Expression of pain results in help from others: tertiary gain: Helping someone in pain gives you are positive feeling that you are doing something good: vicious circle however: Muscle weakness / more pain: five d"s: brena and chapman.
