CAM201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Aorta, Sinoatrial Node, Intercalated Disc

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jademoose588

8 Jun 2018

School

University of Tasmania

Department

CAM

Course

CAM201

Professor

Dino

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Learning Objectives

• Describe the general structure, makeup and function of the cardiovascular system,

including the pathway of blood flow through the heart and circulation

• Revisit the concepts of resting membrane potential and action potentials and apply these

concepts to cardiac muscle cells

• Describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling cardiac muscle

• Describe how the specialized wiring of the heart relates to and enables normal heart

function

• Understand and explain how the autonomic nervous system can modify heart rate,

contractility and conductivity within the heart.

Circulatory System Functions

• Transport

o Oxygen

o Nutrients

o Waste Products

o Hormones

o Immune cells

• Distribution of heat

Major Organs

• Heart

• Blood Vessels

Basic Structure of the Circulatory System

Composed of 4 Parts:

• The pump (heart)

• The plumbing (arteries, capillaries and veins)

• The wiring (control and coordinate pump)

• Appropriate medium/fluid (blood)

The Heart is a Dual-pump Setup

Right Side

• Right Atrium

o Weak pump

o Receives blood from periphery via vena cava

o Primes right ventricle

• Right Ventricle

o Stronger pump

o Pumps blood out of heart and through pulmonary circulation

Left Side

• Left Atrium

o Weak pump

o Receives blood from pulmonary circulation

o Primes left ventricle

• Left Ventricle

o Strongest pump

o Pumps blood through the aorta to the peripheral circulation at very high pressure

Heart valves allow for unidirectional movement of blood through heart

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Each Chamber has Two Basic States During a Cardiac Cycle

• Diastole (Relaxation and Filling )

• Arteriovenous (AV) valves are open

• Semilunar valves are closed

• Atria and ventricles are both relaxed

• Atria and ventricles are both passively filling with blood

1.5. Atrial Systole/Ventricular Diastole

• Atrioventricular (AV) valves are open

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• Semilunar valves are closed

• Atria contract and empty last bit of blood into ventricles

• Both ventricles still relaxed

• Systole (Contraction and Ejection)

• Atrioventricular (AV) valves are closed

• Semilunar valves are open

• Atria relax

• Both ventricles contract and eject blood out of heart

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Document Summary

Circulatory system functions: transport, oxygen, nutrients, waste products, hormones. Composed of 4 parts: the pump (heart, the plumbing (arteries, capillaries and veins, the wiring (control and coordinate pump, appropriate medium/fluid (blood) Right side: right atrium, weak pump, receives blood from periphery via vena cava, primes right ventricle, right ventricle, stronger pump, pumps blood out of heart and through pulmonary circulation. Left atrium: weak pump, receives blood from pulmonary circulation, primes left ventricle. Left ventricle: strongest pump, pumps blood through the aorta to the peripheral circulation at very high pressure. Heart valves allow for unidirectional movement of blood through heart. Each chamber has two basic states during a cardiac cycle: diastole (relaxation and filling , arteriovenous (av) valves are open, atria and ventricles are both relaxed, atria and ventricles are both passively filling with blood. Atrial systole/ventricular diastole: atrioventricular (av) valves are open.

Related Questions

QuestionGroup: #37 CNS

Assigned as

Homework

Which parts of the brain contribute to our social behavior?

Orbitofrontal cortex

Mirror neurons

Amygdala

All of these are correct

Answered

Change your responses to resubmit

QuestionGroup: #38 CNS2

Assigned as

Homework

Part of the explanation of long term memory is which of the following?

Long term potentiation between neurons and muscle cells

Long term potentiation between neurons

Short term translation

Long term transcription

Answered

Change your responses to resubmit

QuestionGroup: #39 PNS

Assigned as

Homework

The somatic component of the peripheral nervous system has which of the following characteristics?

It controls the smooth muscle in the blood vessels so that blood vessels can vasoconstrict or vasodilate

It controls the autonomic nervous system so it indirectly controls heart rate

It controls your skeletal muscle so you can answer this question by pushing on the keyboard

It controls the smooth muscle in your intestinal tract so it controls peristalsis

Answered

Change your responses to resubmit

QuestionGroup: #40 Smooth/skeletal

Assigned as

Homework

Which of the following is NOT a part of a skeletal muscle cell?

Motor neurons

Nuclei

Sarcomeres

Actin

Myosin

Answered

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QuestionGroup: #41 Cardio

Assigned as

Homework

Which part of the circulatory system has the highest pressure?

Veins

Capillaries

Arteries

Aorta

Answered

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QuestionGroup: #42 Cardio2

Assigned as

Homework

Where do the electrical signals originate in your heart?

SA node

Internodal tracts

His-Purkinje System

AV node

Answered

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QuestionGroup: #43 Blood pressure

Assigned as

Homework

There was a horrific traffic accident and you run to help the victims. You feel a pulse from his carotid artery ,however the medic comes along and gets no blood pressure as he measures it from the arm. He claims the victim is dead. You think which of the following?

Medic is not correct since it is the difference between heart rate and blood pressure that determines life. No heart rate only means tha the sympathetics have stopped vasoconstricting the blood vessels.

Medic is correct since it is common to not have a blood pressure of 120/80 and no pulse due to stress as was discussed in class.

Medic is incorrect since there is a pulse. This means the person is still alive.

Medic is correct since there is no blood pressure there is no life.

Answered

Change your responses to resubmit

QuestionGroup: #44 Blood pressure2

Assigned as

Homework

Which side of the capillary bed has the higher oncotic pressure?

venous and lymph

arterial and lymph

lymph

venule side

arterial side

Answered

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QuestionGroup: #45 Capillaries

Assigned as

Homework

If the hydrostatic pressure is higher in the interstitial space rather than the capillary, which of the following will occur?

(2),(3)

(1),(2),(3)

(3) Decreased hydrostatic pressure in the arterial end of the capillary

(2) Decreased hydrostatic pressure in the venous end of the capillary

(1) No change in the hydrostatic pressure since this pressure is maintained regardless of external pressures.

Answered

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QuestionGroup: #46 Respiration/ ventilation

Assigned as

Homework

The left atrium is damaged and is generating a great resistance to blood coming from pulmonary vein. What happens due to this pressure?

Back up of blood in the pulmonary artery which causes pulmonary capillary edema

Generation of back flow into the inferior vena cava

Generation of coronary artery edema

Back up of blood in the pulmonary vein which causes pulmonary capillary edema

Answered

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QuestionGroup: #47 Respiration/ventilation 2

Assigned as

Homework

Edema in the pulmonary circulation refers to which of the following?

additional fluid in the trachea

additional interstitial fluid

additional surfactant

additional capillary fluid

additional intracellular fluid

Answered

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QuestionGroup: #48 Cell communication

Assigned as

Homework

What is the definition of a signaling pathway?

All the proteins in the nucleus

All the cell molecules in the mitochondria

A group of genes that control mitosis

A specific chemical pathway that is activated by the ligand/receptor complex.

Answered

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QuestionGroup: #49 Hormone/ menstruation

Assigned as

Homework

Which hormone directly causes ovulation?

Follicle stimulating hormone

Lutenizing hormone

Progesterone

Estrogen

All of these

1. Which of the following are considered blood vessels within the cardiovascular system? (Select all that apply.)

Veins

Arteries \

Epithelial tissue

Capillaries

Epidermis

2. The middle muscle layer found in the walls of the heart is the __________.

Myocardium

Epicardium

Endocardium

Aorta

3. Blood is transported throughout the body via ___________.

Veins
Arteries

Capillaries

All of the above

4. The right atrium receives blood from all parts of the body except the ______________.

Abdominal cavity

Lungs

Dorsal cavity

Cranium

5. Blood carries which of the following?

Oxygen and cellular waste

Oxygen, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, and cellular waste

Nutrients, hormones, enzymes

Oxygen, nutrients, enzymes

6. Vocal chords are found in the ____________.

Bronchus

Trachea

Larynx and Pharynx

Nasal cavity

7. The trachea is mostly lined by ________________.

Alveoli

Ciliated

mucous membrane

Lung capillaries
Vocal chords

8. Excess CO2 from the body is __________________.

Stored in the pancreas

Digested by cells

Excreted by the respiration process

Used to make ATP

9. CO2 from the body is released into the lungs via _________________.

Ciliated mucous membrane

Alveolar air

Nasal cavity

Bronchial tree

10. The principal function(s) of gas exchange is ____________________.

To supply cells with oxygen

To remove CO2 from the body

Both A and B

Neither of the above

One of the most common chronic conditions affecting the respiratory system is asthma. Asthma is a condition characterized by inflammation of the airways. When an asthma attack is triggered, the airways become even more inflamed and can restrict breathing. Common symptoms during an asthma attacks include coughing, wheezing, tightness in the chest and shortness of breath. Severe asthma attacks can be fatal. People with a family history of asthma are more likely to have the condition. While there is no cure for asthma, proper medical care and a management plan can help to maintain quality of life for people living with asthma. There are different types of asthma, each with their own triggers and management plans. Type Description Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB), or Exercise-induced Asthma (EIA) Some people only experience asthma symptoms during exercise. Exercise-induced asthma causes the narrowing of airways during exercise, which restricts the flow of air to and from the lungs. Cold, dry air tends to exacerbate symptoms, while warm, humid air may reduce symptoms. People with exercise-induced asthma should work with their doctor to create a management plan that still allows them to exercise while keeping their symptoms under control. Allergic Asthma Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma. It is triggered by inhaling allergen particulates, such as dust mites, pollen, pet dander, or mold. The bodyâs reaction to the allergens causes inflammation that results in coughing, wheezing, and other symptoms of asthma. Occupational Asthma Occupational asthma is caused by the frequent inhalation (breathing) of gases, fumes, dust, or other harmful substances in the workplace. Employees working in the chemical or petroleum industries are frequently exposed to chemicals such as Sulphur dioxide or hydrochloric acid, and may develop occupational asthma after prolonged exposure. Childhood Asthma Childhood asthma is usually developed before age 5. It is a condition that affects millions of children. It is vital that childhood asthma is properly controlled to prevent damage to the developing lungs Risk factors: â¢ Allergies â¢ Family history â¢ Frequent respiratory infections â¢ Low birth-weight â¢ Second-hand smoke â¢ Residing in a low-income, urban environment

Asthma symptoms that are triggered by exposure to pollen, pet dander, mold, or dust mites is indicative of which of the following types of asthma:

Occupational asthma

Childhood asthma

Allergic asthma

Exercise-induced asthma

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CAM201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Aorta, Sinoatrial Node, Intercalated Disc

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