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ANHB1102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 28: Relative Risk, Genetic Distance, Hmga2

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edwinasim
29 May 2018
School
UWA
Department
Anatomy and Human Biology/Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology
Course
ANHB1102
Professor
All

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Complex Trait (Video #1)
Simple/monogenic/mendelian vs
polygenic/complex
Monogenetic = haemochromatosis =
have HFR mutation = no chromosome
6
- Blue = have genotype that give
rise to the disease but do not have
the phenotype because of
environment/modifiable genes.
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Complex trait = stature: HMGA2 gene change =
affects height
- To support that CAD is polygenic complex trait
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1) By identifying heritability of particular trait.
heritability is the measure of how much
phenotypical variation due to genetic variation .
Family/twin studies!! Between 0-1. 0 = variation by
environment in phenotype. 1 = due to genetics.
2) Genetic variation important in complex trait.
3) How is the phenotype expressed in different
environment.
Polygenic Model (Video #2)
SCENARIO: only 2 alleles 1 locus
To understand how multiple genotype/genes
affect phenotype. Eg, Height
- Environmental fuzz = eg. Food, get
variation instead of a straight line
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Document Summary

Monogenetic = haemochromatosis = have hfr mutation = no chromosome. 6 rise to the disease but do not have the phenotype because of environment/modifiable genes. Complex trait = stature: hmga2 gene change = affects height. To support that cad is polygenic complex trait: by identifying heritability of particular trait. heritability is the measure of how much phenotypical variation due to genetic variation . 1 = due to genetics: genetic variation important in complex trait, how is the phenotype expressed in different environment. Eg, height variation instead of a straight line. Major effect more effect than minor effects. Genes in our genome do not only have 1 effect! To see if family history has aggravated the determining a complex trait likelihood of contracting disease. Relative risk ratio decrease as genetic distance is greater. Variation in phenotype = composite of variation in genetics + environmental pressures.

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Expression vectors inprokaryotes do not make functional eukaryotic gene products inbacteria very well because

Answer Not sure which one ?!

· the codon sequence for prokaryotes is differentthan the codon sequence in eukaryotes

· there are no disulfide bridges formed in proteinsnormally made in prokaryotes

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· eukaryotic genes have introns, and prokaryotesdon't

· eukaryotic genes have exons and prokaryotesdon't


I create a knockout mouseusing the agouti/black fur system \. When I cross the agoutioffspring of the originally engineered mouse, I find a ratio of 2agouti mice to 1 black furred mouse. What is the bestexplanation?

Answer not sure which one?!

· The gene knocked out was recessive.

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A restriction enzyme cuts DNAand leaves the following end

xxCTGCA
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Which of the following could be the sequence of the correspondingend of the other end of the cut DNA?

Answer

· xxG
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· xxC
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· a one base-pair change.

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I PCR out a mutated gene in apatient with Lisenbee chorea (the inability to dance in acoordinated fashion) and I compare it to another patient with thatsame disease phenotype. One subject had a mutation on chromosome 4,and the other subject couldn't rock it because of a mutation onchromosome 5. This is an exampe of

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· genes on the same chromosome are often mixedthrough meiotic crossover during the formation ofgametes.

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Answer

· True

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Question 44

I have a genotype that shouldproduce a specific phenotype, but some of the individuals with thegenotype do not demonstrate any evidence of the phenotype. I wouldconsider this an example of

Answer

· allelic heterogeneity.

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Question

Which of the following doesnot occur during the PCR reactions?

Answer

· Changes in the reaction temperature by athermocycler

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Question

DNA markers, or variantnon-coding regions of DNA, are DNA polymorphisms that are usefulfor genetic mapping.

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· True

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A mosaic is an organismwith

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· multiple genotypes within one organism

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Question

Genotype causesphenotype.

Answer

· No, gentoype just influences phenotype.

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Question

A true genetic chimera can becreated by

Answer

· mutating a gene early on in the development of anorganism resulting in different alleles being present in theadult

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The ABO blood group can bestbe explained by the concept of _______.

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· dominant traits

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Answer

· haploinsufficiency

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Please select the best matchfor each.

Answer

· PCR: Technique used to generatecopies of a DNA fragment

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· Northern blot : Screeningprocedure used to assay mRNA fragments

· Electrophoresis Movement ofmacromolecules in an electrical field

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A.

Screening procedure used toassay DNA fragments

B.

Movement ofmacromolecules in an electrical field

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Screening procedure used toassay mRNA fragments

D.

DNA fragments generated byrestriction enzymes that vary in length betweenindividuals

E.

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· pleitropy

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Question 62

Mutations in the somaticchromosomes may be inherited by the next generation.

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· True

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Answer

· if only the protein sequence of the gene productis known to construct the primers

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Please select the best matchfor each term.

Answer

· Restriction enzyme


· PCR C

· Plasmid

· YAC A

· Dideoxynucleotide

Answer

A.

Endonuclease isolated frombacteria

B.

Eukaryotic cloningvector

C.

Method for amplification ofDNA sequences

D.

Small circular fragment ofDNA

E.

Molecule used in DNAsequencing

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A couple goes on MauryPovitch, and the results are in: you are not the father. But noother man impregnated the female (granted, unlikely for a MauryPovitch guest, but work with me here) and he must be the father.DNA analysis claims otherwise, though the child definitely wasmom's (poor thing). What may be going on here?

Answer

· the child is parthenogenic because the motheractually impregnated herself like a shark, and the child's DNA isall mom's

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