HIST-308 Lecture 33: Urban II
16 Nov 2020
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Document Summary
Urban was less charismatic than leo. he helped finalize the reform movement and establish beyond a doubt that after nearly eleven hundred years the roman pontiff finally stood at the head of a united church. The crusades were a series of campaigns led by the papacy to regain the holy land, especially. Jerusalem. had been under islamic rule since 639. What distinguished these campaigns from earlier wars was their unique status as the only wars officially sanctioned by the christian church. The almohads of north africa also repressed christians and jews brutally by liberally ordering imprisonments, maimings, and executions. But these official persecutions were not the norm. As the majority of the islamic worlds" subjects became devout muslims, it was perhaps inevitable that muslim society developed practices that in effect segregated and marginalized the non-muslim minority and paved the way for local repression and popular violence.
