BIOL 1090 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Dihybrid Cross, Mendelian Inheritance, Genotype
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If an organismâs diploid chromosome number is 18, how many different possible combinations of homologous chromosomes lining up during meiosis exist for the eggs or sperm produced by that organism?
A. | 512 | |
B. | 9 | |
C. | 18 | |
D. | 128 | |
E. | 36 |
At the end of metaphase I, _______________ separate.
A. | sister chromatids | |
B. | germ cells | |
C. | homologous chromosomes | |
D. | haploid chromatids | |
E. | centrioles |
Mendel observed that dominant traits
A. | are seen in all of the F1 hybrid pea plants in his experiments. | |
B. | are expressed in all plants. | |
C. | were absent in the F1 generation of pea plants that he used in his experiments. | |
D. | were the only traits seen in the F2 generation of pea plants in his experiments. | |
E. | are only expressed in hybrids. |
Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because
A. | there is no difference. | |
B. | in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into two parts. | |
C. | the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plant cells. | |
D. | plant cells have a rigid cell wall. | |
E. | a contractile ring forms only in plant cells. |
Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type of inheritance?
A. | complete dominance | |
B. | incomplete dominance | |
C. | codominance | |
D. | multiple alleles | |
E. | recessive dominance |
Which of the following statements is true:
A. | The dominant allele is masked in homozygous dominant individuals. | |
B. | With recessive genetic disorders, if both parents are carriers, the offspring will all be affected. | |
C. | In carriers, the recessive allele causes an intermediate phenotype. | |
D. | In recessive genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected. | |
E. | With dominant genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected. |
Skin cancers typically develop in the
A. | upper layers of the epidermis. | |
B. | lower layers of the dermis. | |
C. | subcutaneous layer. | |
D. | lower layers of the epidermis. | |
E. | upper layers of the dermis. |
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) is inherited from an X-linked recessive allele. What is the probability that a son with Duchenne MD inherited this disease from his biological father?
A. | 1/2 | |
B. | 0 | |
C. | 1/16 | |
D. | 1/4 | |
E. | 1/8 |
The genetic makeup of a particular trait in an individual is its
A. | genotype. | |
B. | heterozygosity. | |
C. | phenotype. | |
D. | filial. | |
E. | dominance. |
What structure holds the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers?
A. | chromatin | |
B. | kinetochore | |
C. | MPF | |
D. | centromere | |
E. | cyclin |
If you view a cell in which the genetic material is beginning to be visible as separate bodies, and the nucleus has disappeared from view, you may surmise that the cells is in
A. | telophase. | |
B. | anaphase. | |
C. | interphase. | |
D. | metaphase. | |
E. | prophase. |
Gregor Mendel was successful in his analysis of the genetics of pea plants because
A. | he examined and analyzed both the F1 and F2 generations. | |
B. | he studied the parental plants to determine their differences. | |
C. | he decided to only look at his results in an objective manner. | |
D. | he studied a trait that had a strange inheritance pattern. | |
E. | pea plants have genetics different from other organisms. |
Tall corn plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (tt). Solid green leaves (G) are dominant to leaves with a white tip (gg). A cross between two corn plants yielded the following phenotypes: 51 tall plants with a white tip on their leaves; 43 dwarf plants with solid leaves; 48 dwarf plants with white tips on their leaves; 45 tall plants with solid leaves. What are the genotypes of the parents that produced these plants?
A. | None of the above | |
B. | TtGg x Ttgg | |
C. | ttGG x TTgg | |
D. | TtGg x TtGg | |
E. | TtGg x ttgg |
In humans, a gene that has been identified as causing a type of skin cancer is the
A. | superwoman echidna. | |
B. | mutant superman. | |
C. | sonic hedgehog. | |
D. | mutant mole rat. | |
E. | superhero aardvark. |
The segregation principle states that in sexually reproducing diploid organisms the two copies of each gene
A. | segregate from each other during meiosis. | |
B. | must always be the same allele. | |
C. | separate from each other during mitosis. | |
D. | will both wind up in either the sperm or egg. | |
E. | move together as a unit during meiosis. |
In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctly referred to as chromatids?
A. | metaphase and telophase | |
B. | anaphase and metaphase | |
C. | interphase and telophase | |
D. | interphase and prophase | |
E. | metaphase and prophase |
Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes, each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of a dihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either the parental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes are formed because of
A. | the principle of dihybrids. | |
B. | multiple alleles. | |
C. | heterozygosity. | |
D. | incomplete dominance. | |
E. | independent assortment. |
An allele is
A. | an alternate form of a gene. | |
B. | always recessive. | |
C. | the main factor determining a trait. | |
D. | always one of a pair. | |
E. | the dominant form of a gene. |
After the DNA is replicated, and it condenses in prophase, two identical rods of DNA are seen. These are
A. | spindle fibers. | |
B. | kinetochores. | |
C. | chromatids. | |
D. | chromatin. | |
E. | centromeres. |
Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upon division are called
A. | egg cells. | |
B. | somatic cells. | |
C. | germ cells. | |
D. | stem cells. | |
E. | basal cells. |
Q:
If an organismâs diploid chromosome number is 18, how many different possible combinations of homologous chromosomes lining up during meiosis exist for the eggs or sperm produced by that organism?
A. | 512 | |
B. | 9 | |
C. | 18 | |
D. | 128 | |
E. | 36 |
At the end of metaphase I, _______________ separate.
A. | sister chromatids | |
B. | germ cells | |
C. | homologous chromosomes | |
D. | haploid chromatids | |
E. | centrioles |
Mendel observed that dominant traits
A. | are seen in all of the F1 hybrid pea plants in his experiments. | |
B. | are expressed in all plants. | |
C. | were absent in the F1 generation of pea plants that he used in his experiments. | |
D. | were the only traits seen in the F2 generation of pea plants in his experiments. | |
E. | are only expressed in hybrids. |
Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because
A. | there is no difference. | |
B. | in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into two parts. | |
C. | the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plant cells. | |
D. | plant cells have a rigid cell wall. | |
E. | a contractile ring forms only in plant cells. |
Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type of inheritance?
A. | complete dominance | |
B. | incomplete dominance | |
C. | codominance | |
D. | multiple alleles | |
E. | recessive dominance |
Which of the following statements is true:
A. | The dominant allele is masked in homozygous dominant individuals. | |
B. | With recessive genetic disorders, if both parents are carriers, the offspring will all be affected. | |
C. | In carriers, the recessive allele causes an intermediate phenotype. | |
D. | In recessive genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected. | |
E. | With dominant genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected. |
Skin cancers typically develop in the
A. | upper layers of the epidermis. | |
B. | lower layers of the dermis. | |
C. | subcutaneous layer. | |
D. | lower layers of the epidermis. | |
E. | upper layers of the dermis. |
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) is inherited from an X-linked recessive allele. What is the probability that a son with Duchenne MD inherited this disease from his biological father?
A. | 1/2 | |
B. | 0 | |
C. | 1/16 | |
D. | 1/4 | |
E. | 1/8 |
The genetic makeup of a particular trait in an individual is its
A. | genotype. | |
B. | heterozygosity. | |
C. | phenotype. | |
D. | filial. | |
E. | dominance. |
What structure holds the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers?
A. | chromatin | |
B. | kinetochore | |
C. | MPF | |
D. | centromere | |
E. | cyclin |
If you view a cell in which the genetic material is beginning to be visible as separate bodies, and the nucleus has disappeared from view, you may surmise that the cells is in
A. | telophase. | |
B. | anaphase. | |
C. | interphase. | |
D. | metaphase. | |
E. | prophase. |
Gregor Mendel was successful in his analysis of the genetics of pea plants because
A. | he examined and analyzed both the F1 and F2 generations. | |
B. | he studied the parental plants to determine their differences. | |
C. | he decided to only look at his results in an objective manner. | |
D. | he studied a trait that had a strange inheritance pattern. | |
E. | pea plants have genetics different from other organisms. |
Tall corn plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (tt). Solid green leaves (G) are dominant to leaves with a white tip (gg). A cross between two corn plants yielded the following phenotypes: 51 tall plants with a white tip on their leaves; 43 dwarf plants with solid leaves; 48 dwarf plants with white tips on their leaves; 45 tall plants with solid leaves. What are the genotypes of the parents that produced these plants?
A. | None of the above | |
B. | TtGg x Ttgg | |
C. | ttGG x TTgg | |
D. | TtGg x TtGg | |
E. | TtGg x ttgg |
In humans, a gene that has been identified as causing a type of skin cancer is the
A. | superwoman echidna. | |
B. | mutant superman. | |
C. | sonic hedgehog. | |
D. | mutant mole rat. | |
E. | superhero aardvark. |
The segregation principle states that in sexually reproducing diploid organisms the two copies of each gene
A. | segregate from each other during meiosis. | |
B. | must always be the same allele. | |
C. | separate from each other during mitosis. | |
D. | will both wind up in either the sperm or egg. | |
E. | move together as a unit during meiosis. |
In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctly referred to as chromatids?
A. | metaphase and telophase | |
B. | anaphase and metaphase | |
C. | interphase and telophase | |
D. | interphase and prophase | |
E. | metaphase and prophase |
Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes, each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of a dihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either the parental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes are formed because of
A. | the principle of dihybrids. | |
B. | multiple alleles. | |
C. | heterozygosity. | |
D. | incomplete dominance. | |
E. | independent assortment. |
An allele is
A. | an alternate form of a gene. | |
B. | always recessive. | |
C. | the main factor determining a trait. | |
D. | always one of a pair. | |
E. | the dominant form of a gene. |
After the DNA is replicated, and it condenses in prophase, two identical rods of DNA are seen. These are
A. | spindle fibers. | |
B. | kinetochores. | |
C. | chromatids. | |
D. | chromatin. | |
E. | centromeres. |
Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upon division are called
A. | egg cells. | |
B. | somatic cells. | |
C. | germ cells. | |
D. | stem cells. | |
E. | basal cells. |
Norman Borlaug won the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for:
His discovery that plant secondary metabolites play a role in defending plants from insects and diseases. |
Creating the FlavrSavr tomato. |
His discovery of the area of origin for maize. |
His work to create improved, high yield crop varieties that helped to prevent starvation. |
Producing the first transgenic plant. Which of the following best demonstrates evolution?
The repeated domestication of grasses (i.e., cereals) and legumes across the globe is likely because:
What is one type of information that can be gathered by archeologists who are studying dental caries (cavities) of ancient populations?
In discussing the origin of agriculture, the term demographic stress refers to:
In what way did Harlanâs theory give rise to Diamondâs theory?
Brussel sprouts, cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower are all different varieties of the same species, Brassica oleracea. This group of plants demonstrates that crop breeding can lead to:
If a plant can grow well all by itself in the wild, yet still retains desirable agronomic traits, the plant is ____________________. Choose the single best answer The inability of plants to move makes it difficult for them to:
|
Vavilov hypothesized that in a crop plant's area of origin we should expect:
Greater diversity for trans-domesticated species, but lower diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin. |
Lower genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin. |
Lower diversity for trans-domesticated species, but greater diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin. |
Greater herbivore damage because of increased genetic diversity. |
Greater genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin. ______________________ compounds are produced by plants, but are not necessary for the plant's immediate survival. However, they often help protect plants from being eaten. What is the difference between classically bred varieties and landraces?
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