PSYCH101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Paul Broca, Carl Wernicke, Phineas Gage
2 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Neuroscience Methologies
-Human lesion studies
-Animal models
-TMS
-EEG
-ERP
-MRI
-fMRI
Classic Lesion Study - slow process
-Pierre Paul Broca - took lots of notes
-Two patients with head injuries
-Lost ability to speak
-Still able to understand speech
-Autopsies revealed lesions to left frontal lobe
-Led to the discovery of:
-Broca’s area
-Broca’s Aphasia (expressive aphasia)
-Carl Wernicke
-Patients who were unable to understand speech but could not speak
-Led to the discovery of
-Wernicke’s area
-Wernicke’s (receptive) aphasia
Case Studies
Similar to lesion studies
-HM - seizures
-removal of hippocampus
-no new memories formed
-Phineas Gage - construction accident
-Frontal lobe damage
-Altered personality
-Can’t be sure it was the frontal lobe that affected it
Animal Research
-Animal research helps to inform human research
-All research has strict ethical standards just like human research
-Animals are used in:
-Single cell recording studies
-Experiments using drugs
-Lesion studies
Example:
-Binge drinking and exercise -> allowed rats to voluntary exercise for 14 days: does it reduce
cell death?da They then gave them all alcohol. Exercising before binge drinking reduces cell
death
TMS -
-Newer procedure for localizing function
-electrical activity of the brain
-pulses of electricity produces a temporary lesion (or temp. activation)
-only for cortex
-can be used to map motor cortex
-currently being used as a treatment for depression
-rTMS - placed over left prefrontal cortex
-Under-active in some patients with depression
-only used when other treatments are unsuccessful
-appears to be successful and enduring
EEG
-measures electrical activity
-Brain is constantly producing electrical activity
-Measure through scalp
-Explores state of arousal (different levels of consciousness)
-No spatial detail
-diagnoses epilepsy
-diagnoses sleep disorders
-Newer uses
-detecting concussion
-Personality analysis/ prediction
ERPs
-Averaging EEG signal when people are presented w/ different stimuli
-Brain response to a particular event
-Gives timing
-Also gives location from timing of signal
-P300 - oddball paradigm - does the brain give a signal for errors
-response at 300ms is amplified if something is very surprising and slow if harder to detect
13
PSYCH101 Full Course Notes
Verified Note
13 documents
Document Summary
Pierre paul broca - took lots of notes. Autopsies revealed lesions to left frontal lobe. Patients who were unable to understand speech but could not speak. Can"t be sure it was the frontal lobe that affected it. Animal research helps to inform human research. All research has strict ethical standards just like human research. Binge drinking and exercise -> allowed rats to voluntary exercise for 14 days: does it reduce cell death?da they then gave them all alcohol. Pulses of electricity produces a temporary lesion (or temp. activation) Can be used to map motor cortex. Currently being used as a treatment for depression. Rtms - placed over left prefrontal cortex. Only used when other treatments are unsuccessful. Explores state of arousal (different levels of consciousness) Averaging eeg signal when people are presented w/ different stimuli. Also gives location from timing of signal. P300 - oddball paradigm - does the brain give a signal for errors.
