BIO202H5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 38: Hindbrain, Medulla Oblongata, Pituitary Gland

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1 Oct 2018

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The graph depicts the relationship between the body mass (in kg) and brain mass (in g) of different animals. Mammals show the largest brain and body mass, whereas bony fishes exhibit the lowest ones. Mammals also display the largest range in their body mass size. Agnathans show the smallest range in body mass as well as brain mass. Some animals of the same size can have large differences in their brain size (such as mammals and reptiles) Surface area and volume limits the size of the brain. Surface area can be increased through the folding of brain tissue. How different areas are distributed, how much volume they contribute to the brain, and the surface of the cerebrum affects how developed a brain is. The cerebrum is what is responsible for a lot of higher order thinking and activities. The first division of the brain that we see are divisions into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

Related Questions

Who is given credit for first deducing that the cerebrum receives sensations and the cerebellum helps control movement?

(a)Hippocrates (b) Aristotle (c) Galen (d)Descartes (e) Henry Gustave Molaison

Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the fluid-mechanical theory of brain function?

(a)The brain contains hollow, fluid-filled spaces called ventricles. (b)Nerves are hollow. (c) The body functions according to a balance of four vital fluids (humors). (d)Humors were moved to and from the brain by nerves. (e) The heart acts as a valve controlling the movement of animal spirits to and from the brain.

Which of the following statements is TRUE according to our current understanding of brain function?

(a)The brain contains hollow, fluid-filled spaces called ventricles. (b) Nerves are hollow. (c) The body functions according to a balance of four vital fluids (humors). (d) Humors were moved to and from the brain by nerves. (e)The heart acts as a valve controlling the movement of animal spirits to and from the brain.

Which of the following statements was not believed by Rene Descartes?

(a)The brain functions in accordance with the fluid-mechanical theory. (b)Animal spirits going through nerves inflate muscles. (c) The brain controls human behavior that is like that of other animals. (d) Uniquely human mental capacities also arise from the brain. (e) All of the above statements were believed by Descartes

Dissections of cadavers in the 17^th and 18^th centuries were important to furthering our understanding of nervous system structure and function. Of the statements below, all of which were contributions made by these dissections, which one came from a deduction rather than a direct observation?

(a) The brain has gray and white matter. (b) White matter brings information to and from gray matter. (c) There is a peripheral and a central nervous system. (d) The central division of the nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. (e) The brain has gyri and sulci.

H.M.âs epileptic seizures were thought to arise as a result of a

(a)congenital defect. (b)hard hit to his head sustained during childhood. (c)neurodegenerative disease. (d)viral infection. (e)genetic susceptibility.

After undergoing an experimental surgery to control his epilepsy, H.M.

(a)Experienced more frequent and severe seizures. (b)Had no semantic knowledge of events occurring before the surgery. (c) Was not able to learn and remember new facts.(d)Had no procedural memory of tasks learned before the surgery. (e)Was not able to form new procedural memories

H.M.âs surgical outcome was extraordinarily influential in changing the prevalent idea of brain functioning from that of mass action to that of specific brain regions carrying out specific functions. It provided the first evidence that which region of the brain is needed to form new declarative memories?

((a)The cerebrum (b)The cerebellum (c) The hypothalamus (d)The hippocampus. (e)The frontal lobe

You are meeting a new patient in your clinical practice. The man starts to speak and this is what comes out of his mouth in a steady stream âDog blue sky carry coffee wheel table raw simple sign cigarette book test car view draw mean witch two famous shoe cookie cat road mouse baby trousers.â As a result of this, you immediately suspect damage to which part of his brain?

(a) The hippocampus. (b) The amygdala (c) The auditory cortex. (d)Brocaâs area. (e)Wernickeâs area.

Karl Lashley assessed the ability of rodents to learn and remember a maze after regions of their brain had been removed. His results indicated to him that the brain functions by mass action. How do we explain this incorrect conclusion today?

(a) His experiments were flawed by not having the correct controls.

(b)He removed too much brain tissue at a time.

(d)Rodents have many ways to learn a maze.

(e)All of the above

The Cambrian explosion is a prime example of ________________.

		mass extinction
		evolutionary stasis
		a large meteor impact
		adaptive radiation

1 points

QUESTION 2

Most animals are viviparous.

True

False

1 points

QUESTION 3

The first phylum with ganglia in their nervous system are the ________________________.

		Mollusca
		Nematoda
		Bivalvia
		Platyhelminthes

1 points

QUESTION 4

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a _____________________.

		a unicellular worm
		multicellular algae
		flagellated protist
		multicellular fungus

1 points

QUESTION 5

You are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile by use of many short extensions of the cytoplasm. It has well-developed organelles and two nuclei, one large, one small. The organism is most likely to be a ______________.

		foraminifera
		radiolarian
		ciliate
		flagellate

1 points

QUESTION 6

Which of the following organisms would you expect to have the largest surface-area-to-volume ratio? Assume that all of the following are the same total length.

		A mollusc
		A nematode
		A platyhelminth
		Not enough information to determine.

1 points

QUESTION 7

If the animal is a hermaphrodite, it is said to be _______________.

		dioecious
		eutelic
		monoecious
		trioecious

1 points

QUESTION 8

A terrestrial animal species is discovered with the following larval characteristics: exoskeleton, system of tubes for gas exchange and segmentation. A knowledgeable zoologist should predict that the adults of this species would also feature ____________.

		eight legs
		two pairs of antennae
		a sessile lifecycle
		an open circulatory system

1 points

QUESTION 9

The Phylum Echinodermata exhibits metamerism.

True

False

1 points

QUESTION 10

The existence of evolutionary trends, such as increasing body sizes among horse species, is evidence that _____.

		a larger volume-to-surface area ratio is adaptive in many mammals
		evolution generally progresses toward some goal
		evolution tends toward increased complexity or increased size
		in particular environments, similar adaptations can be beneficial to more than one species

The Cambrian explosion is a prime example of ________________.

		mass extinction
		evolutionary stasis
		a large meteor impact
		adaptive radiation

1 points

QUESTION 2

Most animals are viviparous.

True

False

1 points

QUESTION 3

The first phylum with ganglia in their nervous system are the ________________________.

		Mollusca
		Nematoda
		Bivalvia
		Platyhelminthes

1 points

QUESTION 4

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a _____________________.

		a unicellular worm
		multicellular algae
		flagellated protist
		multicellular fungus

1 points

QUESTION 5

		foraminifera
		radiolarian
		ciliate
		flagellate

1 points

QUESTION 6

Which of the following organisms would you expect to have the largest surface-area-to-volume ratio? Assume that all of the following are the same total length.

		A mollusc
		A nematode
		A platyhelminth
		Not enough information to determine.

1 points

QUESTION 7

If the animal is a hermaphrodite, it is said to be _______________.

		dioecious
		eutelic
		monoecious
		trioecious

1 points

QUESTION 8

		eight legs
		two pairs of antennae
		a sessile lifecycle
		an open circulatory system

1 points

QUESTION 9

The Phylum Echinodermata exhibits metamerism.

True

False

1 points

QUESTION 10

The existence of evolutionary trends, such as increasing body sizes among horse species, is evidence that _____.

		a larger volume-to-surface area ratio is adaptive in many mammals
		evolution generally progresses toward some goal
		evolution tends toward increased complexity or increased size
		in particular environments, similar adaptations can be beneficial to more than one species

1 points

QUESTION 11

Suppose you are a researcher fro a pest-control company and you develop a chemical that inhibits the develpment of an embryonic mosquito's endodermal cells. Which of the following would cause the pesticide to work?

		The mosquito would develop a weak exoskeleton, making it easy prey.
		The mosquito's gut would not function properly and it would starve.
		The mosquito would not have a properly functioning muscular system.
		Nothing would happen and your experiment would be a failure.

1 points

QUESTION 12

Holometabolis refers to complete metamorphosis.

True

False

1 points

QUESTION 13

Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection?
Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritable.
Condition 2: Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success.
Condition 3: Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime.

		Condition 1 only
		Condition 2 only
		Conditions 1 and 2
		Conditions 2 and 3

1 points

QUESTION 14

Scientific theories _____. 22.3

		are nearly the same things as hypotheses
		are supported by, and make sense of, many observations
		cannot be tested because the described events occurred only once
		are predictions of future events

1 points

QUESTION 15

The evolution of animal species and their diversity is a result of the evolution of new and different ways to _______________.

		reproduce
		arrange their cells into tissues
		become symmetrical
		form an embyro and establish a basic body plan

BIO202H5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 38: Hindbrain, Medulla Oblongata, Pituitary Gland

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