PSYC 110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Abraham Maslow, Mary Whiton Calkins, Wilhelm Wundt
27 Jun 2018
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Roots of Psychology lie in Philosophy.
Oratory - completely done from memory. Method of Loci was one of the first mnemonic devices.
Simonides - originator of Method of Loci.
Elaborate encoding - How information to-be-remembered is added to preexisting memory and
knowledge using different visual, spatial, semantical, or acoustical methods.
Middle Ages: Christian Monks
Philosophy was bound by religion. Human being consists of a material body and an immaterial soul -
"dualism"
Method of Loci was used to remember scriptures.
Use of rhymes, emphasis on the use of bizarre imagery - to remember.
Hermann Ebbinghaus - reason for rote memorization today - repetition over and over again - early
science was built off of rote memorization and not elaborate encoding. This is the reason why schools
promoted memorization in earlier days.
Founding of psychology was in 1879, Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig,
Germany.
Wilhelm Wundt: experimental methods should be used to study mental processes
Psychology was based on three ideas:
Behavioral and mental experiences have physical causes that can be studied scientifically.
The way people behave, think, and feel is modified over time by their experiences in their
environment.
The body's machinery, which produces behavior and mental experiences, is a product of
evolution by natural selection.
Structuralism: Edward Titchener (student of Wundt) - complex conscious experiences could be broken
down into elemental parts or structures.
Functionalism: Functions of behavior and mental experiences - How behaviors function to allow people
and animals to adapt their environments.
William James established psychology in the US and Charles Darwin, naturalist helped psychologists
investigate how behavior allows animals to adapt to their environment. Mary Whiton Calkins - student
of James and first woman president of APA.
Psychoanalysis: Unconscious mental processes shape feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. The
Unconscious is the part of the mind that operates outside of the conscious awareness. Unconscious
conflicts determine behavior and personality - Sigmund Freud.
Behaviorism: Scientific study of observable behavior. Pavlov discovered conditioned reflexes, Watson
extends approach to human behavior, Skinner further experiments on behavior, learning, and
conditioning.
Humanistic: Positive potential of human beings is assumed. Emphasis on self-determination, free will,
and the importance of choice. A reaction to the negative implications of the Freudian and emphasis on
external influences of the behaviorist school. Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow
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Document Summary
Method of loci was one of the first mnemonic devices. Elaborate encoding - how information to-be-remembered is added to preexisting memory and knowledge using different visual, spatial, semantical, or acoustical methods. Human being consists of a material body and an immaterial soul - Method of loci was used to remember scriptures. Use of rhymes, emphasis on the use of bizarre imagery - to remember. Hermann ebbinghaus - reason for rote memorization today - repetition over and over again - early science was built off of rote memorization and not elaborate encoding. This is the reason why schools promoted memorization in earlier days. Founding of psychology was in 1879, wilhelm wundt opened the first psychology laboratory in leipzig, Wilhelm wundt: experimental methods should be used to study mental processes. Behavioral and mental experiences have physical causes that can be studied scientifically. The way people behave, think, and feel is modified over time by their experiences in their environment.
