GEOG 150 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Deep-Focus Earthquake, Continental Crust, Oceanic Crust
Red shift, age
As a result of the Big Bang, the Universe is expanding and most of the galaxies within it are moving away
from each other
Big Whack, Date
Early in the planet's history, dense iron alloy melted and sank downward to form the core, leaving less-
dense mantle behind. A protoplanet, Theia, hit Earth, blasting debris that form a ring around Earth -
THEN THERE WAS DA MOON - 4.5 billion years ago
order & structure of our planets in our solar system
Terrestrials (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) - shell of surrounding a ball of metal
Gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) - a large planet composed mostly of gases, such as
hydrogen and helium, with a relatively small rocky core
the Earth's interior - composition, behavior, thickness
Crust, Mantle, Core
Crust
Continental crust: 35-40 km, BRITTLE
Oceanic crust: 7-10 km, BRITTLE
Mantle
PLASTIC layer between the crust and the core, 2,885 km thick
Core
Outer core - LIQUID iron, nickel, sulfur
Inner core - SOLID iron, nickel, alloy; Flow in the outer core generates the magnetic field
Layers of the atmosphere
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Continental Drift Theory
1900s, Wegner & Dutoit - that parts of the Earth's crust slowly drift atop a liquid core
Evidence:
-"Fit" of continents
Location of glaciations
Fossil organisms
Rock type and structural similarities
Paleoclimates preserved in rocks
NO MECHANISM SO NO ONE BELIEVED
Plate Tectonics Theory
1960s -Hess, Vine, and Matthew
the Earth's crust is made up of huge tectonic plates that are floating on an ocean of molten hot magma
Evidence: paleomagnetism, heat-flow anomalies, and bathymetry
Divergent plate boundary
plates move apart (vertical)
Convergent plate boundary
one oceanic plate is subducted underneath either another oceanic/continental crust (vertical)
Transform plate boundary
plates slide past each other (horizontal)
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Shallow focus earthquakes
SHALLOW FOCUS earthquakes are commonly occurring "crustal" earthquakes, caused by faults and
movements of the continental plates
Deep focus earthquakes
A deep focus earthquake is located at subduction zones, the name for the subduction zone is the
Wadati-Benioff zone
recognize number of plates in cross-section and map views
PICTURE ON PHONE 1
Recognize mineral groups using anion/anion compounds
-silicates, carbonates, etc.
PICTURE ON PHONE 2
Physical characteristics of minerals
PICTURE ON PHONE 3
Two types of chemical bonds
Strong bonds and weak bonds
Strong bonds
I. Covalent bonds - shared electrons
II. Ionic bonds - a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions; unshared elctrons
III. Metallic bonds
Weak bonds
I. Hydrogen bonds
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Document Summary
As a result of the big bang, the universe is expanding and most of the galaxies within it are moving away from each other. Early in the planet"s history, dense iron alloy melted and sank downward to form the core, leaving less- dense mantle behind. A protoplanet, theia, hit earth, blasting debris that form a ring around earth - Then there was da moon - 4. 5 billion years ago order & structure of our planets in our solar system. Terrestrials (mercury, venus, earth, mars) - shell of surrounding a ball of metal. Gas giants (jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune) - a large planet composed mostly of gases, such as hydrogen and helium, with a relatively small rocky core the earth"s interior - composition, behavior, thickness. Plastic layer between the crust and the core, 2,885 km thick. Inner core - solid iron, nickel, alloy; flow in the outer core generates the magnetic field.
