BIOL-104 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Potentilla, Twin Study, Heritability

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chocolatedeer31

21 Mar 2017

School

Georgetown University

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL-104

Professor

Weiss

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Document Summary

Ex. some reptiles determine gender by the temperature at which their eggs develop. Phenotypes are influenced by: genetics, environment, a combination of the two not the same. Genotype x environment interactions interactions in which we get a particular gene expression in a particular environment. You need to know about both genetics and environment to predict a phenotype. We can: parent-offspring regression (how closely the offspring resemble their parents, keep genotype constant & vary environment (identical twins reared apart, keep environment constant, vary genotype this type of experiment is called a common garden. Heritability the fraction of phenotypic variability that is the result of genetic differences rather than environmental differences. The slope of the line of parents (x) vs offspring (y) for a certain trait is between 0 & 1. 0 is 0% heritability, 1 is 100% heritability a slope of x is the heritability. One way that people measure heritability is with twin studies.

Related Questions

CAN YOU PLEASE ANSWER 2 AND 3 :) THANK YOU

QUESTION 1 Use the information below to answer questions 1-3. Northern burrowing bugs feed on small arthropods that they search for under the bark of trees. These bugs vary considerably in the width of the pronotum; male bugs show greater variability than do females. Using light traps, you collect all of the bugs in the area, sort them by sex, and measure their pronotum width. By using a male-specific genetic markers you are able to determine which male is the father of each male offspring. The males do not associate with the females after they have mated; therefore any resemblance between males and their offspring is due only to geneticsânot environment. The phenotypic variance of the males is 175.2, while the phenotypic variance of the offspring is somewhat lessâ146.1. The covariance in snout length between males and their offspring is 14.6. What is the heritability of pronotum width?

a) 0.083 b) 0.100 c) 0.167 d) 0.335 e) 0.500

QUESTION 2 Northern burrowing bugs shelter from cold weather in deep crevices in tree bark. Bugs who do not find shelter will not survive sever cold weather. During your study, a period of subfreezing temperatures caused all bugs that were not small enough to tunnel into crevices in the bark to die. Because of this, only those bugs with a pronotum width that averaged 12 mm narrower than the population mean to survive. Relative to the original population, how much will pronotum width differ in the next generation (young born after the severe cold period)?

a) 2.0 mm b) 3.0 mm c) 6.0 mm d) 12.0 mm e) You do not have enough data to tell

QUESTION 3 In Question 2, what type of selection is operating on pronotum width?

a) directional selection for a wider pronotum b) directional selection for a narrower pronotum c) stabilizing selection d) disruptive selection

orchidgoat535

Biology lab homework

Dragon Genes

http://www.concord.org/stem-resources/modern-genetics

BLY 121L - Take HomeAssignment

Due: Start of class time âAt thestart of class next week

Answers MUST beâ¦

â¢ typed (no smaller than 11-pointfont)

â¢ complete sentences (i.e., grammaticallycorrect â AND spell check!)

â¢ THIS IS NOT AGROUP EFFORT â NO POINTS WILL BE AWARDED, IF YOUR PAPER ISSIMILAR IN CONTENT AND WORDING TO THAT OF YOURPEERâS.

Complete ALL4 modules:

1. Intro& Rules

2. Meiosis

3. Pedigree andGenes

4. The PlatesProblem

Complete and answer all of the questions fromeach module.

Introduction

Breed dragons to yield several offspring anddevelop a chart for all of the phenotypic characteristics youobserve.

â¢ Note the genotype and dominant/recessivecondition for each trait.

â¢ When you reach this section of theexercise, be sure to change the genotype for all traits to completethe chart.

Whatare the traits exhibited by yourdragons?

**YOUMUST TURN IN YOURCOMPLETED CHART AND IT MUST BE LEGIBLE!

Rules

Dominance and Recessive Traits

What isthe chromosome number(ânâ) for thedragons?

Which trait(s)exhibit incompletedominance?

What does it mean fora trait to be incompletely dominant?

Noallelic combination is described as being heterozygousrecessive. Why do you thinkthis is thecase?

Some Traits are Sex-linked

Which dragontrait(s)is/are sex-linked?

How dosex-linked traits differ from autosomal traits?

Color and Lethal Combinations

Describehow the inheritance ofcolor is different from that of horns and/orwings.

On whichchromosome is the lethal combination exhibited? What is the lethalcombination?

Meiosis

What is the phenotypeof your new dragon?

Whichtraits areinherited from the mother dragon? AND Which traits are inherited from the father dragon?

Wereany traits expressed by the offspring that differed from either or both of the parents? If so, whatwere they?

How does meiosisallow for variation inoffspring?

How doesfertilization allow for variation in offspring?

Pedigree and Genes

Now that you know how to breed dragons, let'stry some selective breeding in the pedigree view. Use the cross tool tobreed a new generation of dragons; breed two of thedragons from this new (F1) generation. Repeat thisat least8 times.

What do younotice about the dragons as you continue to breed more generations?

Use the chromosome tool to closelyexaminethe dragonsâ genes. If you had trouble answering the sex-linkedquestion above, now you can observe and compare the Xand Y chromosomesâ¦

Can you find any genesthat are different among the members of your F8generation?

How many generationsdo you have to breed until all the dragons are exactly thesame?

You arecreating an inbred strain of dragons in the final generation(s)of this process. Write a notedescribing your strain, and explain what is âspecialâ aboutall individuals in an inbred strain of organisms.

The Plates Problem

Try breedingsome offspring to see resultsof these crosses. Does thepattern of inheritance ofplates tell you anything useful?

Based on yourbreeding experiments, where might you expectto find the gene forplates (i.e., On whichchromosome might the gene be located?) Why do you think this iscorrect?

Dragons thatgrow plates usually do so quite late in their life, so dragons thathave a new baby don't know right away whether or not it will growplates. Which trait(s)exhibited by a baby might helpa mother dragon determine whether her baby will growup to have plates?

DragonGenes
Genotypes/Phenotypes

Trait	Phenotype	Genotype
Horns	Horns
	No Horns
Wings	Wings
	No Wings
Legs	4 Legs
	2 Legs
	No Legs
Tails	Fancy Tail
	Plain Tail
Fire-breathing	Fire-breathing Male
	Non-fire-breathing Male
	Fire-breathing Female
	Non-fire-breathingFemale
Color	Green Male
	Yellow Male
	Red Female
	Blue Female
	Brown Female
	Purple Female

olivedonkey40

If an organismâs diploid chromosome number is 18, how many different possible combinations of homologous chromosomes lining up during meiosis exist for the eggs or sperm produced by that organism?

	A.	512
	B.	9
	C.	18
	D.	128
	E.	36

At the end of metaphase I, _______________ separate.

	A.	sister chromatids
	B.	germ cells
	C.	homologous chromosomes
	D.	haploid chromatids
	E.	centrioles

Mendel observed that dominant traits

	A.	are seen in all of the F1 hybrid pea plants in his experiments.
	B.	are expressed in all plants.
	C.	were absent in the F1 generation of pea plants that he used in his experiments.
	D.	were the only traits seen in the F2 generation of pea plants in his experiments.
	E.	are only expressed in hybrids.

Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because

	A.	there is no difference.
	B.	in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into two parts.
	C.	the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plant cells.
	D.	plant cells have a rigid cell wall.
	E.	a contractile ring forms only in plant cells.

Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type of inheritance?

	A.	complete dominance
	B.	incomplete dominance
	C.	codominance
	D.	multiple alleles
	E.	recessive dominance

Which of the following statements is true:

	A.	The dominant allele is masked in homozygous dominant individuals.
	B.	With recessive genetic disorders, if both parents are carriers, the offspring will all be affected.
	C.	In carriers, the recessive allele causes an intermediate phenotype.
	D.	In recessive genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.
	E.	With dominant genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.

Skin cancers typically develop in the

	A.	upper layers of the epidermis.
	B.	lower layers of the dermis.
	C.	subcutaneous layer.
	D.	lower layers of the epidermis.
	E.	upper layers of the dermis.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) is inherited from an X-linked recessive allele. What is the probability that a son with Duchenne MD inherited this disease from his biological father?

	A.	1/2
	B.	0
	C.	1/16
	D.	1/4
	E.	1/8

The genetic makeup of a particular trait in an individual is its

	A.	genotype.
	B.	heterozygosity.
	C.	phenotype.
	D.	filial.
	E.	dominance.

What structure holds the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers?

	A.	chromatin
	B.	kinetochore
	C.	MPF
	D.	centromere
	E.	cyclin

If you view a cell in which the genetic material is beginning to be visible as separate bodies, and the nucleus has disappeared from view, you may surmise that the cells is in

	A.	telophase.
	B.	anaphase.
	C.	interphase.
	D.	metaphase.
	E.	prophase.

Gregor Mendel was successful in his analysis of the genetics of pea plants because

	A.	he examined and analyzed both the F1 and F2 generations.
	B.	he studied the parental plants to determine their differences.
	C.	he decided to only look at his results in an objective manner.
	D.	he studied a trait that had a strange inheritance pattern.
	E.	pea plants have genetics different from other organisms.

Tall corn plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (tt). Solid green leaves (G) are dominant to leaves with a white tip (gg). A cross between two corn plants yielded the following phenotypes: 51 tall plants with a white tip on their leaves; 43 dwarf plants with solid leaves; 48 dwarf plants with white tips on their leaves; 45 tall plants with solid leaves. What are the genotypes of the parents that produced these plants?

	A.	None of the above
	B.	TtGg x Ttgg
	C.	ttGG x TTgg
	D.	TtGg x TtGg
	E.	TtGg x ttgg

In humans, a gene that has been identified as causing a type of skin cancer is the

	A.	superwoman echidna.
	B.	mutant superman.
	C.	sonic hedgehog.
	D.	mutant mole rat.
	E.	superhero aardvark.

The segregation principle states that in sexually reproducing diploid organisms the two copies of each gene

	A.	segregate from each other during meiosis.
	B.	must always be the same allele.
	C.	separate from each other during mitosis.
	D.	will both wind up in either the sperm or egg.
	E.	move together as a unit during meiosis.

In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctly referred to as chromatids?

	A.	metaphase and telophase
	B.	anaphase and metaphase
	C.	interphase and telophase
	D.	interphase and prophase
	E.	metaphase and prophase

Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes, each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of a dihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either the parental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes are formed because of

	A.	the principle of dihybrids.
	B.	multiple alleles.
	C.	heterozygosity.
	D.	incomplete dominance.
	E.	independent assortment.

An allele is

	A.	an alternate form of a gene.
	B.	always recessive.
	C.	the main factor determining a trait.
	D.	always one of a pair.
	E.	the dominant form of a gene.

After the DNA is replicated, and it condenses in prophase, two identical rods of DNA are seen. These are

	A.	spindle fibers.
	B.	kinetochores.
	C.	chromatids.
	D.	chromatin.
	E.	centromeres.

Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upon division are called

	A.	egg cells.
	B.	somatic cells.
	C.	germ cells.
	D.	stem cells.
	E.	basal cells.

BIOL-104 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Potentilla, Twin Study, Heritability

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