A S L 3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Universal Grammar, Contrastive Linguistics, Communicative Competence
Document Summary
Seven chore branches of linguistics: phonetics and phonology, morphology, grammar, contrastive linguistics, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics. Central dichotomies (oppositions) synchronic: language at a particular point/period in time diachronic: linguistic change through time. Three major research traditions in the 20th century linguistics. 19th century: diachronic, century of historical linguistics, search for regularities and laws in language change, genetic links between languages family trees, 20th century: synchrony, paradigm shift ferdinand de saussure. Langue: abstract, language system shared by all members of a speech community, the totality of a language. Goal determination and description of the individual elements (level of langue) two types of relationship between linguistic units: paradigmatic (relationship of choice, interchangeability, syntagmatic (relationship (of chain/combination) = the linguistic sign is an arbitrary symbol (willk rlich) signifiant: a sound on the level of expression, name, signifier. Index cause-result, effect-reason relationship example: tears sorrow, grief, joy smoke fire slurred speech drunkenness (onomatopoetic expressions: moo cow etc)
