BIOLOGY 1101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Alternative Splicing, Lactase, Epigenetics

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There are several reasons that a cell needs to be able to regulate how much of each gene it should translate and transcribe into protein: Proteins are energetically costly to make (think of all the bonds that have to be made between amino acids - potential energy!) Cells needs to be able to adjust to changing conditions. Making the wrong protein in the wrong cell type can be problematic. E. g. specialized proteins in the eye vs the heart. During development from a single cell to trillions of cells, different proteins are needed at different times. Review: during transcription, the rna polymerase binds to a region called the promotor before the sequence to be transcribed. In bacteria, immediately after this there is a section of dna called the operator that controls whether the gene can be expressed. In this example, of that lactase gene, when lactose is not present, a protein binds to the operator, preventing the gene from being transcribed.

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