01:506:201 Lecture 26: Chapter 26
17 May 2018
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Chapter 26
Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing
China
1. I. Introduction
1. A. By mid-18th century, looked like China was doing great
1. 1. Controlled interaction with European “barbarians” –
missionaries/traders to specified ports
2. 2. Population, trade, agricultural production growing
3. 3. Territory largest since 7th century Tang
2. B. By mid-18th century, Ottoman looks like it’s falling apart
1. 1. Austrian Hapsburgs/Russians chipping away at empire
2. 2. African Muslim kingdoms broke away
3. 3. Economic problems – rising inflation, European imports
4. 4. Social problems – crime, rebellion
5. 5. Military can’t keep back Europeans
3. C. But by 19th century, they’re both falling apart
1. 1. China shows how vulnerable they are
1. a. Impact of European industrialization huge
2. b. Overpopulation, paralyzed government, massive
rebellions – internal problems
2. 2. Ottomans still hanging in there
1. a. New leaders/new Western reforms
4. D. By 20th century
1. 1. China imploding with ½ century of foreign invasions,
revolution, social/economic collapse
1. a. Suffering on scale unmatched in human history
2. 2. In Ottoman Empire
1. a. New leaders take over power from sultanate
2. b. Turkish area becomes a nation
3. c. But…Middle East now exposed to Europe ***
2. II. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
1. A. Introduction
1. 1. Problems due to series of weak rulers
1. a. Power struggles between ministers, religious
experts, Janissaries
2. b. Local leaders + landowners (ayan) cheat sultan of
money due to him
3. c. Role of artisans/merchants declines with European
impact
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1. 1. Merchants survived through European
contacts
2. 2. Can’t defend outer areas
1. a. Limited money for military, inferior technology
2. b. Russians push for warm-water port in Black Sea
3. c. Throughout 1800s European holdings revolt
1. 1. Greece, Serbia, Balkans
2. B. Reform and Survival
1. 1. But… “sick man of Europe” still survives – Europeans
afraid to break up – power struggle
1. a. British actually help Ottoman Empire to counter
Russian advance
1. 1. Concerned Russians might hurt British naval
dominance
2. 2. Question becomes – how to reform?
1. a. Attempts at reform squashed by competing groups
1. 1. Sultan Selim III pushes for improved
bureaucracy, navy, army
1. a. Janissary corps, powerful bureaucrats
feel threatened – he dies
2. 2. Mahmud II – 1826 gets rid of Janissaries
1. a. Great soup kettle debacle of 1826
2. b. Sultan’s secret military force slaughters
Janissaries
3. c. Limits powers of ayan
4. d. What reforms to make?
1. 1. Ulama – religious leaders = push
for conservative theocracy
2. 2. Mahmud chooses option B –
Western reform
1. a. Creates ambassadors to
Europe
2. b. Westernizes military
3. 3. Next…Tansimat reforms
1. a. Westernized university education
2. b. State run postal, telegraph, railroad
3. c. Legal reforms
4. d. Effect of reforms
1. 1. Killed artisans – no import taxes
– people buy European
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find more resources at oneclass.com
2. 2. Women no effect – ignored cries
for end to
1. a. Seclusion, veiling,
polygamy
2. b. uneducatedness (not a
word) – want education
3. C. Repression and Revolt
1. 1. Irony – once you’ve westernized, then your western
administrators want to end sultanate
1. a. New elites compete with older conservatives
(ulama and ayan)
2. 2. Abdul tries to end reforms by becoming a despot – the
old liberal vs. conservative backlash
1. a. Abdul Hamid restricts civil liberties – freedom of the
press
2. b. “troublemakers” imprisoned or killed
3. c. but…still pushed for Westernization
1. 1. Especially Western military
techniques/technology
2. 2. Judicial reforms, education, railroad,
telegraph
3. 3. Ottoman Society for Union and Progress “Young Turks” –
push for reform
1. a. Want 1876 Constitution and more reforms
2. b. Eventually assassinate Abdul Hamid in 1908
1. 1. Sultan becomes figurehead
2. 2. Elite officers come to power
1. a. Begin reign by fighting back battles in
Balkans
2. b. Survive by playing European rivalries
against each other
3. c. World War I in 1914 makes this revolution irrelevant
4. d. Arab world suffers
1. 1. They thought 1908 revolution would give
them more freedom – wrong
2. 2. Turks want to subjugate Arabs even more
3. III. Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands
1. A. Introduction
1. 1. Different ways of reversing decline of Islamic world
1. a. Return to Islamic past
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Civilizations in crisis: the ottoman empire, the islamic heartlands, and qing. By mid-18th century, looked like china was doing great: 1. Controlled interaction with european barbarians missionaries/traders to specified ports: 2. Territory largest since 7th century tang: b. By mid-18th century, ottoman looks like it"s falling apart: 1. Austrian hapsburgs/russians chipping away at empire: 2. Economic problems rising inflation, european imports: 4. Military can"t keep back europeans: c. but by 19th century, they"re both falling apart, 1. China shows how vulnerable they are: a. Impact of european industrialization huge: b. overpopulation, paralyzed government, massive rebellions internal problems, 2. New leaders/new western reforms: d. by 20th century, 1. China imploding with century of foreign invasions, revolution, social/economic collapse: a. Suffering on scale unmatched in human history: 2. New leaders take over power from sultanate: b. turkish area becomes a nation, c. but middle east now exposed to europe **, ii.
