HY 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: National God, Amenhotep Ii, Unintended Consequences
30 May 2018
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Chapter 2 – Peoples, Gods and Empires: 1700-500 B.C.E
I.Introduction
A. Transformations in the ancient Near East
B. New imperial powers
C. The "international system"
D. Iron and bronze
II. The Indo-European Migrations
. Language
1. Sir William Jones discovers connection between Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek (1786)
2. Shared features with Latin and Greek as well as Gothic and Old Persian
3. Was there a Proto-Indo-European language spoken by a single population?
4. Indo-European linguistic forms appear after 2000 B.C.E.
A. The rise of Anatolia
1. Natural resources
2. The Assyrian presence
a. Urban life (e.g., Cappadocia)
b. Trade networks between Anatolia and Mesopotamia
c. Carried Mesopotamian civilization into Anatolia and northern Syria
B. Hittites and Kassites
1. Indo-European speaking people
2. Hittite rulers establish themselves in cities of central Anatolia
3. Politically independent until 1700 B.C.E.
4. Intensely militaristic culture
5. Under Hattusilis I, Hittites extend power throughout Anatolian plateau
. Controlling overland trade routes
a. Military conquest
6. Mursilis I (c. 1620-1590 B.C.E.)
. Sought to control Upper Euphrates
a. Drove east to Babylon (1595 B.C.E.)
7. The Kassites
. Unknown origins
a. Brought peace and prosperity
C. The Kingdom of Mitanni
1. An Indo-European minority
2. A warrior aristocracy
3. United Upper Euphrates and northern Syria into a single kingdom
4. Innovations
. Horse-drawn chariots
a. Masters of horse training and cavalry tactics
5. Collapsed in the face of Hittite aggression
III. Egypt in the Second Millennium B.C.E.
. Transformations
1. Foreigners
2. Middle Kingdom Egypt as anxious, uncertain place
3. The Hyksos (1700 B.C.E.) invasion
. Legitimized rule in accordance with Egyptian precedents
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