HY 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Crop Rotation, Strip Farming, Manorialism
30 May 2018
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Chapter 8 – The Expansion of Europe, 950 – 1100
I.Introduction
A. Europe in 1000
1. Shifting balance of power
2. A weakened Europe and the strength of Byzantine and Islamic civilization
3. Viking, Hungarian, and Muslim attacks
B. Europe in 1100
1. Europe emerging as dominant military, economic, and political power
2. A Catholic European world
3. Expansion of European commerce
4. Urbanization
5. Economic growth
6. More powerful governments
7. Social stratification
II. The Medieval Agricultural Revolution
. Transformations
1. Technological innovation
2. Improved climate
3. New crop-rotation system
4. Investment in tools, livestock, and mills
A. Technological advances
1. Heavy-wheeled plow, horse collars, and harnesses
a. Better aeration of the soil
b. Saved labor
2. Iron horseshoes, the tandem harness, and iron hand tools
3. Mills
. After 1050, a craze in northern European water mills
a. Windmills introduced in the 1170s
4. Results
. Greater security as Viking, Hungarian, and Muslim attacks decreased
a. Growing confidence of entrepreneurial peasants and lords
b. A new profit motive?
c. Increased European population
d. Efficient market for goods
B. Manorialism, serfdom, and agricultural productivity
1. Changes in patterns of peasant settlement (England, northern Europe, and western
Germany)
2. The development of the manor
3. Consolidation of individual peasant holdings
4. The lord of the manor
. Dominant role
a. claimed largest share of peasants' production
b. Strip farming
c. Peasant labor services
5. The peasants
. Similar to slaves: worked without pay, paid humiliating fines
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Document Summary
Chapter 8 the expansion of europe, 950 1100. Investment in tools, livestock, and mills: technological advances, heavy-wheeled plow, horse collars, and harnesses, better aeration of the soil, saved labor. Iron horseshoes, the tandem harness, and iron hand tools: mills. After 1050, a craze in northern european water mills: windmills introduced in the 1170s, results. Increased european population: efficient market for goods, manorialism, serfdom, and agricultural productivity, changes in patterns of peasant settlement (england, northern europe, and western. Germany: the development of the manor, consolidation of individual peasant holdings, the lord of the manor. Dominant role claimed largest share of peasants" production: strip farming, peasant labor services, the peasants. Italian merchants sold eastern spices and silks to the flemish: long-distance trade. Partnership contracts: double-entry bookkeeping, new credit mechanisms, commerce and urbanization, towns. Symbiotic relationship with the countryside: provided markets for manufactured goods, specialization in certain enterprises.
