HY 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 58: Mulatto, The Russian Campaign, Toussaint Louverture
30 May 2018
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I.From the Terror to Bonaparte: The Directory
A. The Ninth of Thermidor (July 27, 1794)
1. Robespierre kicked out of the Convention
2. Guillotined the following day (along with twenty-one other "conspirators")
B. After Thermidor
1. Jacobins driven into hiding
2. Law of maximum prices repealed
3. National Convention adopted new conservative constitution (1795)
a. Suffrage for all adult males who could read and write
b. Indirect elections
i. Citizens voted for electors, who chose the legislative body
ii. Wealthy citizens held authority
c. Constitution included a bill of rights
. Five men chosen by the legislative body
i. Could not stabilize the government
ii. Faced discontent on the radical left and conservative right
d. On the left
. Stopped radical movements to abolish private property
i. Graachus Babeuf
e. On the right
. Elections in March 1797 returned a large number of constitutional
monarchists
4. Could not control developments
5. Called Napoléon Bonaparte to their assistance
6. Napoléon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
. Recaptured Toulon from the British (1793)
a. Made brigadier general at age of twenty-four
b. Delivered the "whiff of grapeshot" that saved the Convention (1795)
c. Victories in the Italian campaign
d. Attempted to defeat Britain by attacking British forces in Egypt and the Near
East
e. French fleet defeated by Nelson at Abukir Bay (1798)
f. Napoléon declared a "temporary consul" (18 Brumaire, November 9, 1799)
II. Napoléon and Imperial France
. Did Napoléon consolidate or repudiate the Revolution?
A. Consolidating authority, 1799-1804
1. Napoléon rose from obscurity to become the savior of France
2. Was able to master his plans in every detail
3. Assumed title of First Consul and governed in the name of the Republic (1799)
4. New constitution
. Universal male suffrage
a. Two legislative bodies
b. The plebiscite—put questions directly to popular vote
. Bypassed politicians and legislative bodies
5. Asked the legislature to proclaim him consul for life (1802)
6. The reorganization of the state
. Abolition of privileges
a. "Careers open to talent"
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