HY 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 60: Edward Jenner, Improved Sanitation, Phytophthora Infestans
30 May 2018
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I.The Industrial Revolution on the Continent
A. A different model of industrialization
B. Reasons for the delay
1. Lack of raw materials, especially coal
2. Poor national systems of transportation
3. Little readily accessible capital
4. Tenacity of the small peasant leaseholder
5. The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars
C. Economic climate changes after 1815
1. Population growth (parts of France, Belgium, Rhineland, Saxony, Silesia, and Bohemia)
2. New railway construction
3. Older methods of putting-out persisted alongside factory work
4. Governments played a major role in subsidizing industry
a. Subsidies to private companies (railroads and mining)
b. Incentives for and laws favorable to industrialization
c. Limited liability laws
5. Mobilizing capital
. Joint-stock investment banks
i. Société Générale (Belgium, 1830s)
ii. Creditanstalt (Austria,1850s)
iii. Crédit Mobilier (1850s)
6. Promoting invention and technological development
. State-established educational systems
D. Industrialization after 1850
1. Individual British factories remained Small, but output was tremendous
. Iron industry the largest in the world
2. Continental changes
. Mostly in transport, commerce, and government policy
a. Free trade and the removal of trade barriers
b. Guild controls relaxed or abolished
c. Communications
. Transatlantic cable (1865)
i. Telephone (1876)
d. New chemical processes, dyestuffs, and pharmaceuticals
e. New sources of energy—electricity and oil
f. Internal combustion engine (Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler, 1880s)
g. Eastern Europe
. Developed into concentrated, commercialized agriculture
i. The persistence of serfdom
3. The industrial core
. Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, and Switzerland
a. The industrial periphery
. Russia, Spain, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Romania, and Serbia
E. Industry and empire
1. European nations begin to control the national debts of other countries
2. Where trade agreements could not be made, force prevailed
3. New networks of trade and interdependence
4. The world economy divided
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Document Summary
Incentives for and laws favorable to industrialization: limited liability laws, mobilizing capital. Cr dit mobilier (1850s: promoting invention and technological development. Individual british factories remained small, but output was tremendous. Iron industry the largest in the world: continental changes. Mostly in transport, commerce, and government policy: free trade and the removal of trade barriers, guild controls relaxed or abolished, communications. Telephone (1876: new chemical processes, dyestuffs, and pharmaceuticals, new sources of energy electricity and oil. Internal combustion engine (carl benz and gottlieb daimler, 1880s: eastern europe. The persistence of serfdom: the industrial core. Great britain, france, germany, italy, netherlands, and switzerland: the industrial periphery. Russia, spain, bulgaria, greece, hungary, romania, and serbia. Industry and empire: european nations begin to control the national debts of other countries, where trade agreements could not be made, force prevailed, new networks of trade and interdependence, the world economy divided.
