BIO SCI N120A Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Radiosurgery
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24 Jul 2019
School
Department
Course
Professor
Professor Nicholas
Course Code 06204
N120A
4 units
Lecture
Cancer:
● Cyclin activates kinases which leads to phosphorylation and cell cycle advancement
● Oncogenes cause cancer when activated
o Gain of function
o Cyclins, CDKs, RAS
● Tumor suppressors cause cancer when inactivated
o Loss of function
o RB, P53, p21, BRCA1 & 2
● Treatments:
o Alkylating agents: damage DNA to prevent cancer cells from reproducing
▪ Can cause long term damage to bone marrow
o Antimetabolites: interfere with DNA and RNA growth
▪ Damage cells in S phase
o Anti-tumor antibiotics: interfere with enzymes involved in enzyme replication
▪ Can damage heart
o Topoisomerase or mitotic (nerve damage) inhibitors
o Corticosteroids: suppress immune system, anti-nausea, kills cancer cells
o Hormone therapy: slows growth of breast, prostate, etc.
o Gamma knife radiosurgery: focused, precise, reduced radiation to other muscles
o Bone marrow transplant
Pulmonary/COPD:
● Air to lungs has to be warm and moist to promote better gas exchange
● Airways lined with cilia which traps mucus and pushes out all the stuff that’s not air
● Bronchioles bifurcates to bronchi to alveoli that are wrapped by capillaries
● Alveolus: wrapped in alveolar type I cell (white), surfactant layer to prevent adhesion,
macrophage, alveolar fluid, alveolar type II cell (support cell)
● Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
o Chronic bronchitis (mucus in bronchioles)
▪ Expand when breathing in, but can’t get air out
▪ Bacteria gets to lungs inflammation draws WBCs
▪ Leads to air trapping
o Emphysema: damage to compartments of alveoli; left with giant compartments
that can’t conduct gas exchange
o Exacerbators: wood burning stoves, mining, pollution, smoking, campfires, wood,
charcoal, animal dung, coal, particulate matter like bread, females (smaller lungs),
farming dust
● Symptoms: rapid breathing, increased work of breathing, chest tightness, air hunger
● Caused by: elevated CO2, increased H+, decreased O2
● Spirometry tests: