BIOL 1202 : BIOL 1202 Notes For Exam 2
EXAM TWO
Difference between lancelet and e. coli is that lancelet is a eukaryote and the e.
coli is a prokaryote
If seven evolutions in one family tree evolved and nine in the other; the tree with
seven has a more likely chance of happening
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and Systematics
• Boundaries between units in the geologic time scale are marked by
dramatic biotic change
• Fungi and animals are closely related to eachother
• 5 kingdom classification system in use through the late 1900s
o The five kingdown system consisted on one system that was
eukaryotic
o Monera
o Protista- unicellular pro
o Plantae
o Fungi
o Animalia
o What is the main different—how they maintain their energy
▪ Plants- photosynthesis
▪ Animals- ingestion
▪ Fungi- absorption; give off enzymes that break down food on
outside and then absorbs it
o The THREE domain system (now today)
▪ Bacteria—pro type
▪ Archaea- pro type
▪ Eukarya—only domain that uses eukaryotic cell type
o How many kingdoms?
▪ Bacterial kingdom
▪ Archaeon kingdom
▪ Protistan kingdom
▪ Plantae
▪ Fungi
▪ Animalia
▪ Why do we do this? Because if we don’t know what we have
now then how would we know what is there later on in life—
aka extinction is occurring and if we don’t right them down
then we wouldn’t know about them in the future
Did king Philip come over for gumbo Sunday?
Taxon (taxa)= the named taxonomic units at any level in this taxonimc hierarchy
Phylum and division are the same level
• Domain—most inclusive (greatest number of species)
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species—least inclusive
Panthera= genus
Pardus= specific epithet that refers to one species in the genus Panthera
Agra sasquatch (it has big feet)-- beetle
Agra phobia and Agra vation
Species genus’ are sometimes because scientist are being funny
--sometimes not so telling
Linnaeus convinced people to use a hierarchical classification system
--primarily based on what they look like (northoligical characters??)
Darwin provided us with the mechanism by which evolution results in descent
with modification
Taxonomy—naming and classifying organisms
Systematics—naming and classifying organisms according to their evolutionary
relationships –look at whether they are homologous characters or not
Phylogenetics- reconstructing the evolutionary relationships among organisms
--looks at taxonomic thing to see how common their ancestors are
Systematic Phylogenetics –systematics and phylogenetics
Macroevolution and Phylogeny
Phylogenetic tree (family tree)
--one branch always divides into two
--hypothesized genealogy traced back to the last common ancestor (the most
recent) through hierarchal, dichotomous branching (one branch of this tree,
spitting into two)
--present is at the top
--what does extinction look like on the tree??
Cladistics—the principles that guide the production of phylogenetic tree aka
cladograms
Node—branch point, speciation event (macroevolutionary events) at one point
enough genetic evolution took place and new species came about
--one species slowly over time came to be a new species (microevolution)
Macroevolution is what occurs AT the branch points—speciation
Lineage or clade –an entire branch
Microevolution would occur in one family lineage where preexisting species is
gone and you now have a new species
A clade is a monophyletic group—an ancestral specias and all of its descendants
Be able to recognize whether or not a group is monophyletic
Paraphyletc group consists of an ancestor and some of its descendants
• Just the wolf – not all descendants are included so it is not monophyletic
Document Summary
Difference between lancelet and e. coli is that lancelet is a eukaryote and the e. coli is a prokaryote. If seven evolutions in one family tree evolved and nine in the other; the tree with seven has a more likely chance of happening. Taxon (taxa)= the named taxonomic units at any level in this taxonimc hierarchy. Phylum and division are the same level: domain most inclusive (greatest number of species, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species least inclusive. Pardus= specific epithet that refers to one species in the genus panthera. Species genus" are sometimes because scientist are being funny. Linnaeus convinced people to use a hierarchical classification system. -primarily based on what they look like (northoligical characters??) Darwin provided us with the mechanism by which evolution results in descent with modification. Systematics naming and classifying organisms according to their evolutionary relationships look at whether they are homologous characters or not.
