GEOL 1001 : Geology 1001 Midterm
17. A _ _ is a mixture of hot gases infused
with incandescent ash and lava
fragments that flows down a volcanic
slope
pyroclastic
flow
18. A _ _ is a sand bar sealing bay from
ocean
baymouth bar
19. A _ _ is an elongated depression where
lithosphere is stretched and thinned
continental rift
20. A _ _ is an isolated remnant of
collapsed sea arch
sea stack
21. _ _ is the increase in temperature with
depth (about 25 C per km)
geothermal
gradient
22. The _ _ is the interface between vadose
and unsaturated zones, capillary
fringe, where surface tension holds
groundwater
water table
23. _ _ occurs because the melting
temperature of hot material is lowered
as the confining pressure decreases.
Decompression
melting
24. The _ _ of body waves can reveal Earth's
structure to Gm depths.
speed profile
25. _ _ places rocks in a sequence of
formation in relation to other rocks
around them.
relative dating
26. _ _ result from tension while _ creates
thrust/reverse faults
normal faults,
compression
27. _ _ shows primary paths of H2O
movement on earth (evaporation,
precipitation, runoff)
hydrologic
model
28. _ _ travel on the crustal surface and are
the slowest, having the greatest
intensity
surface waves
29. _ _, after the Earth-Moon system arose
around 4,5 billion years ago, created
Earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere.
volcanic
outgassing
30. _ (mass-wasting process) is when
material moves downslope as viscous
fluid
Flow
31. _ and _ body waves arriving
simultaneously constrain depth to the
boundary between crust and mantle.
refracted,
transmitted
32. _ and _ constitute most of Earth's
crust, while elements our civilization
uses most occur in minute quantities.
Si, O (silicon,
oxygen)
33. _ and _ cycles can move material
downslope slowly in creep.
Expansion,
contraction
34. _ are dissolved gases in the melt that
vaporize at surface pressure
Volatiles
1. _ _ _ _ states that beds originate as
continuous layers that extend in all
directions until they eventually thin out
or grade into a different sediment type
principle of
lateral
continuity
2. _ _ _ _ states that layers of sediment are
generally deposited in horizontal
position; rock layers that are flat have
not been disturbed
principle of
original
horizontality
3. _ _ _ _ states that younger features cut
across older features.
principle of
cross-cutting
relationships
4. _ _ _ are between continental margins
and oceanic ridge
deep ocean
basins
5. _ _ _ are middle-latitude deserts and
steppes; sheltered in deep interiors of
large landmasses; far-removed from
ocean moisture
Rain shadow
deserts
6. _ _ _ involve melting of a mantle wedge
above the subducting slab.
Volcanic
island arcs
7. _ _ _ often are set by the amount of
thermal energy it converts from sunlight
and traps with the atmosphere.
Planetary
surface
temperature
8. _ _ _ states that in an undeformed
sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed
is older than the one above and younger
than the one below (also applies to
surface features like lava flows and beds
of ash)
principle of
superposition
9. _ _ affect our civilization because they
contain resources such as water, oil and
gas, uranium, iron, and many others.
sedimentary
rocks
10. _ _ and _ changes cause ice ages on a
regular cycle.
orbital
eccentricity,
obliquity
11. _ _ are outer margins of continents and
transition to oceanic crust
continental
margins
12. _ _ are where rock structures oscillate
normal to wave direction
Shear waves
13. _ _ can form from sediments of weather
rocks.
Sedimentary
rocks
14. _ _ form from cooled and solidified
molten rock (magma).
igneous
rocks
15. A _ _ is a distinct zone of weakness
separating slide material from
underlying material as material moves
along flat surface
transitional
slide
16. A _ _ is a distinct zone of weakness
separating slide material from
underlying material as surface of
rupture is concave up
rotational
slide
Geology 1001 Midterm
Study online at quizlet.com/_vqrhk
35. _ are fractures in crust along which
rocks slide past one another.
Faults
36. _ are fragments of one rock unit that are
enclosed within another rock unit (rock
containing inclusions is younger)
inclusions
37. _ describes temperature trends over
thousands of years while _ shows
instantaneous conditions.
climate,
weather
38. _ from differential stress created the
East African Rift valley.
Tension
39. _ increases density with consequent
subsidence of new basaltic crust before
infilling by oceans.
Cooling
40. A _ is a down-warped circular
structure.
basin
41. _ is a elongated sand ridge projecting
from land into mouth of adjacent bay
spit
42. _ is a mound, sand ridge connecting
island to mainland or another island
tombolo
43. A _ is a mudflow on an active or inactive
volcano
lahar
44. The _ is a result of collision with Mars-
sized asteroid 4.5 billion years ago
moon
45. A _ is a solid mass of minerals or
mineral-like matter that occurs
naturally
rock
46. A _ is a thick mass of ice that forms,
over hundreds and thousands of years,
by accumulation, compaction, and
recrystallization of snow
glacier
47. A _ is a volcanic crater that has
diameter of >1 km and is produced by
collapse following massive eruption
caldera
48. _ is about how we can reconstruct the
record of change on Earth.
Historical
geology
49. _ is about processes that have shaped
Earth over time.
Physical
geology
50. A _ is an up-warped circular structure
in a metamorphic/igneous setting.
dome
51. _ is consistent with ideas of rapid
change and a young Earth; Earth's
landscapes were shaped primarily by
catastrophes.
Catastrophism
52. A _ is naturally occurring, generally
inorganic, solid substance, orderly
crystalline structure, definite chemical
composition
mineral
53. _ is the process of forming new,
stable minerals larger than original;
most important agent is thermal
energy
recrystallization
54. _ is the transition of one rock into
another by temperatures and/or
pressures unlike those in which it
formed; changes in mineralogy and
chemical composition can occur.
Metamorphism
55. A _ is upwelling hot mantle rock plume
56. _ make previously solid rock behave
like a fluid.
Impacts
57. _ of minerals from solution can
form chemical sedimentary rocks
like chert.
Precipitation
58. _ or _ _ _ are made from magma
that crystallizes at depth; observed
at surface following periods of
uplifting and erosion of overlying
rocks
plutonic, intrusive
igneous rocks
59. _ or _ _ _ are made from
solidification of lava or volcanic
debris
volcanic, extrusive
igneous rocks
60. _ requires long periods of time for
most changes to occur and thus
required an old Earth; the physical,
chemical, and biologic laws that
operate today have operated
throughout the geologic past.
Uniformitarianism
61. _ resistance of a mineral to abrasion
or scratching.
Hardness
62. The _ separates the zone of
accumulation from zone of wastage;
snow remains solid about this line.
snowline
63. _ waves cause the least damage to
human structures due to their small
amplitude.
P
64. _-_ _ are consistent with ideas of
rapid change and a young Earth;
Earth's landscapes were shaped
primarily by catastrophes.
mid-oceanic ridges
65. _, an end-product of weathering,
contains mostly parent material at
depth.
soil
66. _, as the medium for chemical
processes, is a key agent of chemical
weathering.
Water
67. _, when trapped between aquitards,
can store water over geologic time.
Aquifers
68. Andean type _ causes volatile-
enriched volcanism.
convergence
