MMG 301 Study Guide - Final Guide: Saprotrophic Nutrition, Limiting Factor, Microorganism

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harlequineagle50

17 Jul 2019

School

MSU

Department

Microbio & Molecular Genetics

Course

MMG 301

Professor

N.Hammer

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Document Summary

H energy and e, may either ingest then digest or life as saprophyte and perform extracellular digestion. *nearly all pathogens are of this nutritional class* Some microbes can alter their metabolic patterns in response to changing environmental conditions (i. e mixotrophs = microbes that combine chemolithoautotrophic and heterotrophic metabolic processes. This requires that a microbe have the necessary enzymes to support both types of metabolic strategy. Required to synthesize aa and therefore proteins, nucleic acids, some cho"s and lipids, enzyme cofactors. Nitrogen can also be obtained from an organisms own aa and nucleotides, ammonia is another source of n. Required to synthesize nucleic acids, atp, phospholipids, some cofactors and proteins. Almost all microbes use inorganic p as their source of p and incorporate it directly into biomolecules. *usually a growth limiting resource in most aquatic habitats. *required to synthesize cysteine (in aa), methionine, biotin, thiamine and some.

Related Questions

1. Bacteria _______________ oxidize inorganic or organic chemical compounds to obtain their energy and _______________ derive their energy from sunlight.

2. If an organism uses CO2 as a carbon source it is _____________________, but if it extracts its carbon from organic compounds it is _____________________.

3. The vast majority of bacteria use ___________ _____________ as an energy source, _______________ ____________ as a carbon source and ____________ _____________ as a source of electrons and hydrogens because they are _________________________________.

4. If a bacterium that uses light and organic compounds to obtain its other nutrients is __________________________________, but if it uses light and CO2 as a carbon source it is ____________________________.

5. Fungi and most protozoa due to their C, energy and electron requirements are classified as _______________________________.

6. Bacteria that oxidize chemical compounds to obtain their energy and obtain their source of carbon and electrons from organic compounds say that they are ________________________.

7. Bacteria that oxidize inorganic chemical compounds to obtain their energy and electrons, but use CO2 as a carbon source are _______________________________.

8. Cyanobacteria are _________________________ because they use __________ as a source of energy, _____________ as a carbon source and _______________ as a source of electrons and hydrogen.

9. Nutrition in most bacteria occurs mainly by ___________________.

10. Most bacteria reproduce by _____________________, but some can be reproduced alternately by _______________ or ______________________.

Microbiology Unit 2 Applied and Environmental Assignment Part 1: Identify Nutritional requirements from Chapter 6&14 (and review from chapters 1 & 2) 1. Determine which of the 4 macromolecules require the following elements: a. Carbon: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ b. Nitrogen: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ c. Sulfur: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ 2. The essential elements mentioned above are cycled through cells and the earth in biogeochemical cycles (the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.)Select the correct answer or fill in the blanks to summarize these cycles: a. Carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere by [autotrophs/heterotrophs] and converted to glucose through carbon ________________. When heterotrophs eat autotrophs they use catabolism to break down glucose to make ATP and waste carbon is released as ___________. b. There is plenty of nitrogen available in the atmosphere but it is not accessible to organisms because it is in the form of Nitrogen gas (N2). N2 is fixed by [bacteria/plants/animals] and converted to ammonia (NH3.) NH3 can be used by [bacteria/plants/animals] to build their cells. Next, by consuming food with amino acids,[bacteria/plants/animals] can get access to nitrogen for their own cellular needs. c. There is also a good quantity of sulfur in dirt, rocks, and the atmosphere. Sulfur cycles between H2S => S0 => SO4 => SH groups in Proteins => back to H2S.Using _________________ respiration, anoxygenic photosynthesis, and chemolithoautotrophy [bacteria/plants/animals]convert H2S and S0 to SO4 which is taken in by [bacteria/plants/animals] and used to build their cells. When [bacteria/plants/animals]eat plants they take in essential amino acids containing sulfur and recycle these to make their proteins. d. _________________ break down waste and dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the cycles. *The C and N are summarized here: https://youtu.be/2D7hZpIYlCA and https://youtu.be/leHy-Y_8nRs 3. Match the main metabolic classifications to the description: Classifications: photoautotroph/ photoheterotroph/ chemoautotroph/ chemoheterotroph o A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and its energy from sunlight o A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and its energy from reduced inorganic chemicals o A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon and energy o A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon but gets energy from sunlight 4. Identify the phases of the bacterial growth curve and define what occurs in each phase Phase A = ______________ Definition: Phase B = ______________ Definition: Phase C = ______________ Definition: Phase D = ______________ Definition: Part 2: Unique ecosystems containing microbes 5. Watch the video that shows hydrothermal vents: https://youtu.be/RO3nO98gH_M a. Describe bacteria that live at the vents using terms from the unit 2 reading guide: ________________________________________________________________________ b. Write a 2-3 sentence reflection about hydrothermal vents and the contribution of microbes to this ecosystem: 6. Apply what you have learned to the TED-Ed video about Biofilms: https://youtu.be/pHLP5CZMnL4 a. Give the terms for cell structures mentioned in the video that we learned in Chapter 4 and 7: i. âsticky appendagesâ thatallows bacteria to attach and begin the biofilm: _______________ ii. Extracellular matrix/gooey matrix that holds cells together: ____________________________ iii. Exchange genetic information while packed together: ____________________________ iv. Communicate with each other by _________________________________________ sensing. v. Produce chemical to kill microbial competitors: ____________________________ factor.

Question 1

A microorganism's ability to use a harmful pesticide as a source of carbon and energy is an example of

Select one:

a. chemoautotrophy

b. nitrogen fixation

c. bioremediation

d. photoautotrophy

e. biosynthesis

Question 2

Autotrophs and heterotrophs differ in

Select one:

a. their ability to utilize CO2 as a sole carbon source.

b. their ability to incorporate CO2 into cells.

c. only a few enzymes.

d. their ability to synthesize precursor molecules.

e. their ability to utilize CO2 as a sole energy source.

Question 3

If the amino acid valine constituted approximately 4% of the total cell protein of a bacterium, how much valine should be added to a defined medium in order to grow 1 gram of this organism?

Select one:

a. 0.2 mg

b. 2 mg

c. 20 mg

d. 40 mg

e. 200 mg

Question 4

Transport of HPO₄ along with a proton (H⁺) is an example of

Select one:

a. antiport

b. uniport

c. facilitated diffusion

d. symport

e. group translocation

Question 5

The energy required for transport via ABC transporters is derived from

Select one:

a. a proton gradient

b. an electrical charge separation across the membrane

c. ATP hydrolysis

d. a symport mechanism

e. a high energy phosphate bond of PEP

Question 6

The spread plate method would clearly be preferred over the pour plate method when isolating colonies of

Select one:

a. anaerobic bacteria

b. thermophilic bacteria

c. bacteria from temperate lake zones

d. purple non-sulfur bacteria

e. agar-degrading bacteria

Question 7

Enrichment culture procedures for many microorganisms require intial growth in liquid media, followed by growth on solid media. The solid media is used to

Select one:

a. provide proper growth conditions.

b. isolate single colonies of the microbes.

c. get rid of competing microorganisms.

d. isolate strict aerobes.

e. enrich for specific nutrients.

Question 8

The optical density of light scattered by bacteria is a very useful tool for estimating population size. What can alter the bacteria's light-scattering properties?

Select one:

a. Cell volume depending on its growth stage

b. The condition of being absent of microorganisms.

c. The amount of light projected from the room.

d. The standard curve

e. Standard deviation from growth curve.

Question 9

What is true about a bacterial colony?

Select one:

a. It arises from an individual cell and represents an isolate strain.

b. Colonies, and CFU (colony forming units) on streak plates represent a diverse microbial culture.

c. In order to obtain a colony, on must perform cloning steps.

d. Axenic cultures to not represent CFUs or colonies.

e. Colonies require differential media in order to separate them from the population.

Question 10

What is a biofilm?

Select one:

a. All cells in a population achieve a steady state

b. A specialized, surface-attached, collaborative community of bacteria

c. A complex media made of the chemical building blocks that a cell needs

d. A type of anaerobic growth chamber.

e. A type of spore

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MMG 301 Study Guide - Final Guide: Saprotrophic Nutrition, Limiting Factor, Microorganism

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