ECO 304K Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Demand Curve, W. M. Keck Observatory, Ceteris Paribus
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ECO 304K Full Course Notes
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1. Three fundamental economic questions
A manager asks an employee, "Should we use our research budget to improve the quality of the products we already make, or to develop new products?"
The manager's question is best classified as which one of the following fundamental economic questions?
a)For whom to produce
b)What to produce
c)How to produce
2. Scarcity, opportunity cost, and marginal analysis
Crystal is training for a triathlon, a timed race that combines swimming, biking, and running.
Consider the following sentence: Because her pool sessions are helping her swim more quickly, Crystal plans to reduce by 1 hour per week the time she spends training on the bike and increase by 1 hour the time she spends in the swimming pool; however, her husband says that she should stop doing any biking and running and spend all 20 hours per week in the pool.
Which basic principle of individual choice does Crystal's plan illustrate that her husband's advice does not?
a)People usually exploit opportunities to make themselves better off.
b)Many decisions are made on the margin.
c)Resources are scarce.
d)All costs are opportunity costs.
Juanita is a hard-working college freshman. One Tuesday, she decides to work nonstop until she has answered 250 practice problems for her physics course. She starts work at 8:00 AM and uses a table to keep track of her progress throughout the day. She notices that as she gets tired, it takes her longer to solve each problem.
Time | Total Problems Answered |
---|---|
8:00 AM | 0 |
9:00 AM | 100 |
10:00 AM | 175 |
11:00 AM | 225 |
Noon | 250 |
Use the table to answer the following questions.
1) The marginal, or additional, gain from Juanitaâs second hour of work, from 9:00 AM to 10:00 AM, is---------problems.
2) The marginal gain from Juanitaâs fourth hour of work, from 11:00 AM to noon, is------------problems.
Later, the teaching assistant in Juanitaâs physics course gives her some advice. âBased on past experience,â the teaching assistant says, âworking on 62.5 problems raises a studentâs exam score by about the same amount as reading the textbook for 1 hour.â For simplicity, assume students always cover the same number of pages during each hour they spend reading.
Given this information, in order to use her 4 hours of study time to get the best exam score possible, how many hours should she have spent working on problems and how many should she have spent reading?
a) 0 hours working on problems, 4 hours reading
b) 1 hour working on problems, 3 hours reading
c) 2 hours working on problems, 2 hours reading
d) 4 hours working on problems, 0 hours reading
There are sometimes conflicts within the same code, between the code and the __________ and between the code and a counselor's value system.
Judgment |
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Ethics |
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Law |
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Value |
2 points
Question 2
Section A of the ACA Code of Ethics highlights important issues within the __________________________________.
Privacy Act |
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Confidentiality Act |
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Professional's Responsibility |
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Counseling relationship |
2 points
Question 3
______________________ in a code sometimes lag behind the values of society and of professional associations.
Laws |
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Attitudes |
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Values |
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Beliefs |
2 points
Question 4
Which section was added to the latest edition of the ACA Code of Ethics (2014)?
Resolving Ethical Issues |
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Advocacy and Social Justice |
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Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media |
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Research and Publication |
2 points
Question 5
Which of the following is not one of the ethical "hot spots" identified in this chapter?
Gatekeeping |
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Social and Cultural Issues |
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Informed Consent |
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Technology |
2 points
Question 6
Which of the following is not a type of ethical decision-making model discussed in the text?
Problem-solving model |
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Advocacy model |
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Social constructivist model |
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Developmental model |
2 points
Question 7
_______________ has to do with protecting the independences, self-determination and freedom of choice for client.
Nonmaleficence |
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Beneficence |
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Justice |
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Autonomy |
2 points
Question 8
People who have this view of the world, see things in black and white, are very concrete, rigid, and authoritarian.
Dualistic |
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Modern |
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Post-modern |
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Flexible |
2 points
Question 9
Which section of the ACA Ethical Code (2014) offers guidelines on how to report an ethical violation?
Section B |
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Section I |
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Section E |
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Section A |
2 points
Question 10
.__________ is the responsibility under the law for a violation of federal or state criminal statute.
Beneficence |
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Nonmaleficence |
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Civil liability |
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Criminal liability |
2 points
Question 11
To prove that they are following the best practices of their professions, counselors should:
Know relevant laws |
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Maintain good records |
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Stay professional with clients |
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All of the above. |
2 points
Question 12
______________ is the most rigorous form of credentialing.
Accreditation |
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Licensure |
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Certification |
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Registration |
2 points
Question 13
Theories help counselors and other helping professionals in the following way(s):
conceptualizing clients' problems |
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necessary to become a licensed psychotherapist |
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offer specific techniques to apply |
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both a and c |
2 points
Question 14
What is a paradigm shift?
A change like a universe. |
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A change in the way information is perceived. |
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A change in theory. |
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A change in human nature. |
2 points
Question 15
Do psychodynamic theories consider which of the following to be important in understanding a person's functioning?
Child-rearing practices |
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The unconscious and conscious |
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Examining the past |
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All of the above |
2 points
Question 16
Sigmund Freud was trained as a:
Physician |
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Counselor |
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Caseworker |
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Social worker |
2 points
Question 17
Freud believed that there are ____________ structures that make up personality.
1 |
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2 |
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3 |
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4 |
2 points
Question 18
Freud, and later his daughter Anna Freud, identified a number of _______________ that help people to cope with anxiety.
Defense skills |
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Coping mechanisms |
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Coping skills |
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Defense mechanisms |
2 points
Question 19
___________ believed that each of us has a unique psychological type which includes the attitudes of extraversion and introversion.
Freud |
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Rogers |
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Jung |
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Cattell |
2 points
Question 20
_______________________ believed that every child was born with innate and unique capabilities and is inherently moving toard the future, not determined by the past.
Adler |
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Freud |
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Rogers |
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Jung |
2 points
Question 21
Existential-humanistic approaches embrace a phenomenological perspective, stressing all but which of the following?
The subjective reality of the client |
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the role of the unconscious |
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How the counselor uses his or her personal qualities in counseling |
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the importance of consciousness and/or awareness |
2 points
Question 22
Although Ludwig Binswanger is generally acknowledged as being the first existential therapist, who is seen as the person who popularized this approach through "logotherapy"?
Irvin Yalom |
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Carl Rogers |
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Alfred Adler |
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Viktor Frankl |
2 points
Question 23
____________________ developed client-centered therapy.
Carl Jung |
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Viktor Frankl |
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Carl Rogers |
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Ludwig Binswanger |
2 points
Question 24
Today, most Gestalt therapists believe that from birth, the individual is in a constant state of ______________ through a process of need identification and need-fulfillment.
Self-regulation |
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Self-actualization |
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Existential crisis |
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Emotional distress |
2 points
Question 25
This therapy was developed by Albert Ellis during the 1950s.
Psychodynamic therapy |
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Behavioral therapy |
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Cognitive therapy |
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Rational emotive therapy |