PSYCH 202 Study Guide - Final Guide: Proprioception, Exocytosis, Penicillin
24 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Martinez Study:
How learning relates to cetalcholine being utilizes
•
Set up maze with food on one side
Mice figure out food right away
○
•
Injected mice after they found the food and injected them
Scopoloamine (antagonist)
blocks the post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors
i.
Memory amnesia
ii.
1.
Saline (control)
Doesn't affect anything
i.
2.
Physostigmine (agonist)
Blocks the enzymes that breaks down acetylcholine
More acetylcholine in the synapse
1)
Acetylcholine will have more of an effect
2)
i.
3.
•
IV= manipulated the levels of acetylcholine using the use of these drugs
•
Operational DV (what is being measured): how long it took them to find the
food
•
Theoretical DV: memory weakened by antagonist and physostigmine
strengthened
•
Double blinding: experimenter doesn't know what medication is given to the
mice and the mice don't know
Don't want their preconceptions to affect their research
○
•
Sodium-Potassium Pump:
2 Potassium in
-
3 Sodium out
-
Depolarization: inside is more positive than the outside
Happens when there's sodium going into the cell, making it more positive
○
Sets off the action potential
○
-
Repolarization: bringing it back to the normal resting level
-
Sack's Cases:
Hands -Madeline
She's also blind
○
She was super hungry and just reached out and grabbed a bagel
○
Her sensations were all fine
○
"Use it or lose it"
○
She never used her hands so she lost them.
○
►
Witty Ticcy -Ray
Had turrets (high in dopamine)
○
Heldol was the medication
Tried in small doses
§
Antagonist that lowers dopamine
§
○
Heldol threw him off balance
○
Stopped taking Heldol on the weekends cause he wanted to play his
instrument
○
►
Cupid's Disease -Natasha
Had syphilis, her body was making her high
○
Her syphilis redeveloped
○
90 and frisky
○
Given penicillin that killed the disease, but didn't kill the biological effects
○
"You can't reverse neural changes."
○
►
The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat- Dr. P
Only visually perceive parts, not wholes
○
Teacher at the school of music
○
Petting fire hydrants cause he thought it was a dog
○
He thought he was developing diabetes
○
Mistook his foot for his shoe, because the shoe was on his left right (lack
in left visual sensory)
○
Right side of brain was damaged
○
He couldn't identify things on the left visual field (so his right brain was
whack)
○
Perceptual disorder
○
Could only identify people with distinct features
Only identify his brother cause of his big jaw and square teeth
§
○
Living a lifeless abstraction
○
Only named buildings on the right side of the street, either way
○
►
The Disembodied Lady: Christina
Needed surgery was put on high
○
Total lose of the proprioception; total loss of the sense of your body
○
Parietal lobes were working but had nothing to work with
○
Acute Polyneuritis: affecting sensory roots of spinal and cranial nerves
High dose of drug causes proprioception
§
Acute polyneuritis affects proprioception
§
○
She couldn't do anything without using her eyes to watch her body move
Was in rehab for a year
§
Made life possible, but not normal and far from ideal
§
○
Felt like her body was dead and not real, cause she couldn't feel it
○
►
On the Level: Mr. McGregor
Had Parkinson's disease
Lack of dopamine
§
Destruction of neurons in the substantial nigra in the basal ganglia
§
○
Had a tilt in his walk, but didn't sense it
○
Had to use his eyes and rim of glasses to tell him if he was tilting
○
►
The Dog Beneath the Skin: Steven
Did coke and amphetamine
○
Had a vivid dream that he was a dog
○
His smell was very enhanced for three weeks
○
Other senses were enhanced, but vision and smell were super enhanced
Could see more colors
§
○
Went back to normal
○
Had a powerful disinhibition of the old factor sensation
Had too much dopamine
§
○
►
Synaptic Processes:
Action potential causes exocytosis
Exocytosis: neurotransmitters packaged into vesicles (happens in neuron)
Vesicle transported to synpase
§
○
Myelin Sheath: provides insulation for the axon (made of glial cells)
Three types of Glial Cells
Oligodendrites in the CNS □
Schwann Cell in the PNS □
Astrocytes supplies nutrients and architectural support
(everywhere)
□
§
Jumps over nodes of Ranvier (process of jumping is called salutatory
conduction)
§
Nodes of Ranvier: increases speed of action potential
§
○
Membrane at rest- positive outside cause of sodium and negative inside
cause of potassium (the same thing for resting potential)
○
Voltage Gated Ion Channel: the other way sodium and potassium can get
inside the neuron
○
►
Things that happen you read:
Modification: 1.
Distil stimulus is taken in and modified by the accessory structures
-
Lens - bends and focus light
-
Iris -
-
Pupil -
-
Cornea - bends and focus light
-
Transduction: 2.
Photoreceptor layer - retina
Retina made of rods and cones (back of the eye)
Rods: respond to varying level so light and operate in low light
(allows us to see in the dark)
□
Cones: allows us to see color and operates in high light □
§
Fovia - in the middle of the retina made completely of cones
As you get further, it's all rods □
§
-
Ganglia Cells - make up optic nerve
Optic nerve generates the action potential
§
-
Encoding:
Action potential firing down sensory neurons i.
Encoding structures
Bipolar cells creates coding in the ganglia cells in the optic
nerve
1)
Ganglia cells conduct action potential which goes to the
thalamus
2)
ii.
3.
Accessory stuff bends and focus the light --> photoreceptor layer --> bipolar cells -->
ganglion cells -(action potential)-> Thalamus -(chain of linked neurons)-> occipital
Four basic processes of sensation
Modification via accessory structures1.
Transduction - encoded energy2.
Encoded info represented in cortex 3.
4/8/18
Sunday, April 8, 2018
5:01 PM
Martinez Study:
How learning relates to cetalcholine being utilizes•
Set up maze with food on one side
Mice figure out food right away
○
•
Injected mice after they found the food and injected them
Scopoloamine (antagonist)
blocks the post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors i.
Memory amnesia ii.
1.
Saline (control)
Doesn't affect anythingi.
2.
Physostigmine (agonist)
Blocks the enzymes that breaks down acetylcholine
More acetylcholine in the synapse 1)
Acetylcholine will have more of an effect 2)
i.
3.
•
IV= manipulated the levels of acetylcholine using the use of these drugs•
Operational DV (what is being measured): how long it took them to find the
food
•
Theoretical DV: memory weakened by antagonist and physostigmine
strengthened
•
Double blinding: experimenter doesn't know what medication is given to the
mice and the mice don't know
Don't want their preconceptions to affect their research
○
•
Sodium-Potassium Pump:
2 Potassium in
-
3 Sodium out
-
Depolarization: inside is more positive than the outside
Happens when there's sodium going into the cell, making it more positive
○
Sets off the action potential
○
-
Repolarization: bringing it back to the normal resting level
-
Sack's Cases:
Hands -Madeline
She's also blind
○
She was super hungry and just reached out and grabbed a bagel
○
Her sensations were all fine
○
"Use it or lose it"
○
She never used her hands so she lost them.
○
►
Witty Ticcy -Ray
Had turrets (high in dopamine)
○
Heldol was the medication
Tried in small doses
§
Antagonist that lowers dopamine
§
○
Heldol threw him off balance
○
Stopped taking Heldol on the weekends cause he wanted to play his
instrument
○
►
Cupid's Disease -Natasha
Had syphilis, her body was making her high
○
Her syphilis redeveloped
○
90 and frisky
○
Given penicillin that killed the disease, but didn't kill the biological effects
○
"You can't reverse neural changes."
○
►
The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat- Dr. P
Only visually perceive parts, not wholes
○
Teacher at the school of music
○
Petting fire hydrants cause he thought it was a dog
○
He thought he was developing diabetes
○
Mistook his foot for his shoe, because the shoe was on his left right (lack
in left visual sensory)
○
Right side of brain was damaged
○
He couldn't identify things on the left visual field (so his right brain was
whack)
○
Perceptual disorder
○
Could only identify people with distinct features
Only identify his brother cause of his big jaw and square teeth
§
○
Living a lifeless abstraction
○
Only named buildings on the right side of the street, either way
○
►
The Disembodied Lady: Christina
Needed surgery was put on high
○
Total lose of the proprioception; total loss of the sense of your body
○
Parietal lobes were working but had nothing to work with
○
Acute Polyneuritis: affecting sensory roots of spinal and cranial nerves
High dose of drug causes proprioception
§
Acute polyneuritis affects proprioception
§
○
She couldn't do anything without using her eyes to watch her body move
Was in rehab for a year
§
Made life possible, but not normal and far from ideal
§
○
Felt like her body was dead and not real, cause she couldn't feel it
○
►
On the Level: Mr. McGregor
Had Parkinson's disease
Lack of dopamine
§
Destruction of neurons in the substantial nigra in the basal ganglia
§
○
Had a tilt in his walk, but didn't sense it
○
Had to use his eyes and rim of glasses to tell him if he was tilting
○
►
The Dog Beneath the Skin: Steven
Did coke and amphetamine
○
Had a vivid dream that he was a dog
○
His smell was very enhanced for three weeks
○
Other senses were enhanced, but vision and smell were super enhanced
Could see more colors
§
○
Went back to normal
○
Had a powerful disinhibition of the old factor sensation
Had too much dopamine
§
○
►
Synaptic Processes:
Action potential causes exocytosis
Exocytosis: neurotransmitters packaged into vesicles (happens in neuron)
Vesicle transported to synpase
§
○
Myelin Sheath: provides insulation for the axon (made of glial cells)
Three types of Glial Cells
Oligodendrites in the CNS □
Schwann Cell in the PNS □
Astrocytes supplies nutrients and architectural support
(everywhere)
□
§
Jumps over nodes of Ranvier (process of jumping is called salutatory
conduction)
§
Nodes of Ranvier: increases speed of action potential
§
○
Membrane at rest- positive outside cause of sodium and negative inside
cause of potassium (the same thing for resting potential)
○
Voltage Gated Ion Channel: the other way sodium and potassium can get
inside the neuron
○
►
Things that happen you read:
Modification: 1.
Distil stimulus is taken in and modified by the accessory structures
-
Lens - bends and focus light
-
Iris -
-
Pupil -
-
Cornea - bends and focus light
-
Transduction: 2.
Photoreceptor layer - retina
Retina made of rods and cones (back of the eye)
Rods: respond to varying level so light and operate in low light
(allows us to see in the dark)
□
Cones: allows us to see color and operates in high light □
§
Fovia - in the middle of the retina made completely of cones
As you get further, it's all rods □
§
-
Ganglia Cells - make up optic nerve
Optic nerve generates the action potential
§
-
Encoding:
Action potential firing down sensory neurons i.
Encoding structures
Bipolar cells creates coding in the ganglia cells in the optic
nerve
1)
Ganglia cells conduct action potential which goes to the
thalamus
2)
ii.
3.
Accessory stuff bends and focus the light --> photoreceptor layer --> bipolar cells -->
ganglion cells -(action potential)-> Thalamus -(chain of linked neurons)-> occipital
Four basic processes of sensation
Modification via accessory structures1.
Transduction - encoded energy2.
Encoded info represented in cortex 3.
4/8/18
Sunday, April 8, 2018 5:01 PM
Document Summary
Set up maze with food on one side. Injected mice after they found the food and injected them. Scopoloamine (antagonist) i. ii. blocks the post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors. Iv= manipulated the levels of acetylcholine using the use of these drugs. Operational dv (what is being measured): how long it took them to find the food. Theoretical dv: memory weakened by antagonist and physostigmine strengthened. Double blinding: experimenter doesn"t know what medication is given to the mice and the mice don"t know. Don"t want their preconceptions to affect their research. Depolarization: inside is more positive than the outside. Happens when there"s sodium going into the cell, making it more positive. Repolarization: bringing it back to the normal resting level. She was super hungry and just reached out and grabbed a bagel. She never used her hands so she lost them. Stopped taking heldol on the weekends cause he wanted to play his instrument. Had syphilis, her body was making her high.
