INTST101 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Economic Integration, Mothers Against Drunk Driving, Naomi Klein

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lilacmouse857

26 Jun 2018

School

University of Waterloo

Department

International Studies

Course

INTST101

Professor

Michael Stevenson

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INTST101 Lecture #6

Derivatives  class of financial product, united by their common fact that they derive their value

from unrelated products and issues

oPeople who focus on the branch of politics of economic structure, derivatives are very

complicated

oTradable investment products

oIf someone wanted to make an investment, wanted to invest in a violin that is likely to

increase in value – those who determine if the price of the violin goes up or down is the

market (the people who want to buy the violin)

oIf you were to invest in agricultural commodity futures, betting on the price of a

commodity in 5-10 years (going up or down)

The price of oil, carbon based commercial farming – determine the price of the

futures

oConsolidated debt swaps – revolving mortgage

Put something on the shelf to say that if you aren’t able to pay back the money

on time, you will lose the loan money

US housing market – everyone had mortgages which was taken, cut back, and

resold  resold the debt of others to investment banks

Investors acquire toxic debt

Political Globalization

Rise of international organizations, and their purpose, trend towards international cooperation,

formal international organization  forge resolution between and among states

Civil Society

oA social sphere separate from both the state and the market (third sector)

oNon-state, not for profit, voluntary organizations formed by people in that social sphere

oA wide range of organizations, networks, associations, groups and movements that are

independent from government and that sometimes come together to advance their

common interests through collective action

oAre global operate in two or more countries

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oSocial movements, activists, providing services  seeking to provide information

oCan be wide or singular in focus

oRise in non-governmental organizations working together around borders, partnering

with businesses and international organizations (WHO) to influence outcomes

oMay operate nationally or internationally

oCSOs, NGOs – Free the Children, Medecins sans Frontières

oGrass roots movements – local, revolve around CSOs, if they grow beyond the local and

will band together with other CSOs

CSOs may grow into a business – need money, fundraising, has lobbying groups

Focused on social welfare other than profit

oBlur the boundaries between what is state and what is non-state

Corporations have foundations – way to distract from adverse poor activity

oShell foundation (big oil company)

Canadian civil society organizations

oHeart and Stroke Foundation  cardiac, health, healthy eating

Raise money for families who have been affected by illness and conditions

resulting from heart and stroke, is a lobbying organization

Create changes in government policies

oMothers Against Drunk Driving

oFoodShare

Making food options more available

Food banks were set up for the last 30 years for people with limited income

oCouncil of Canadians

Political left-leaning  social democracy view – the role of government to

provide services for public welfare

oNational Citizens Council

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Document Summary

The price of oil, carbon based commercial farming determine the price of the futures: consolidated debt swaps revolving mortgage. Put something on the shelf to say that if you aren"t able to pay back the money on time, you will lose the loan money. Us housing market everyone had mortgages which was taken, cut back, and resold resold the debt of others to investment banks. Rise of international organizations, and their purpose, trend towards international cooperation, formal international organization forge resolution between and among states. Csos may grow into a business need money, fundraising, has lobbying groups. Focused on social welfare other than profit: blur the boundaries between what is state and what is non-state. Corporations have foundations way to distract from adverse poor activity: shell foundation (big oil company) Canadian civil society organizations: heart and stroke foundation cardiac, health, healthy eating.

Related Questions

V2 F1 Q12 - Q13

Please show all workings/give explanations

Q12. You are planning on opening a consulting firm. You have projected an EBIT of $2 million starting next year (t = 1) with a growth rate of 3% over the foreseeable future thereafter. This endeavor will require a substantial investment and you will have to convince investors to provide you the capital to do so. You will invest some of your own money, convincing other investors will of course be useful for your valuing your own investment decision. A critical piece of your analysis is figuring out the present value of the cash flows of the business. Your research has revealed the following information: similar consulting businesses equity has an average beta of 2.40 and the average debt-to-equity ratio in this industry is close to zero. The risk-free rate is 3.20% and the expected market risk premium (the average difference between the market return and the risk-free rate) is 4.50%. The corporate tax rate is 35% and interest payments on debt are tax deductible. You decide to start the business and issue 500,000 shares to finance an all-equity firm, the price per share will be (Enter the number with up to two decimals but without any $ or comma sign):

Q13. You are planning on opening a consulting firm. You have projected an EBIT of $2 million starting next year (t = 1) with a growth rate of 3% over the foreseeable future thereafter. This endeavor will require a substantial investment and you will have to convince investors to provide you the capital to do so. You will invest some of your own money, convincing other investors will of course be useful for your valuing your own investment decision. A critical piece of your analysis is figuring out the present value of the cash flows of the business. Your research has revealed the following information: similar consulting businesses equity has an average beta of 2.40 and the average debt-to-equity ratio in this industry is close to zero. The risk-free rate is 3.20% and the expected market risk premium (the average difference between the market return and the risk-free rate) is 4.50%. The corporate tax rate is 35% and interest payments on debt are tax deductible. You decide to start the business and issue 500,000 shares to finance an all-equity firm. Soon thereafter your hearing about your new business, your bank is willing to extend you long-term loan/debt in perpetuity of $3.50M as long as you can pay an interest rate of 8%. Assuming that the chances of bankruptcy are negligible with this amount of ongoing debt on your balance sheet, if you take this debt and retire shares using the debt, the value of the firm will go:

a) Remain the same.

b) Down.

c) Cannot determine based on the available information.

d) Up.

Narratives on the following: Based on the information in the attached pictures.

at least one ratio from each category (liquidity, asset management, debt management, profitability, and market value)

a comparison of the results of the two fiscal years for the ratios chosen (i.e., increase, decrease, ideas as to why this might have occurred)

a comparison to the industry average for the ratios chosen (i.e., how the company compares to the industry and what this means for the company)

What risk is the company facing? Is this true for the entire industry? How can the company mitigate this risk? What is the industry Beta and the company's Beta?

recommendations for individuals who may be considering investing in the chosen company

Given the model of valuation is the company priced fairly? What recommendations would you make to increase the value of the company (be thorough make specific recommendations tied back to the company's stated financial goals).

Assume that you were given an early inheritance of $50,000 and on January 2, 2015, you used the money to invest in your chosen company's stock. You held the company's stock during 2015, selling all of your shares on December 31, 2015. Answer the following:

How many shares did you purchase on January 2, 2015?

What was the initial purchase price per share of stock?

Did you earn any dividends during 2015? Cash or stock? What was the value of your dividends? Would you have received a stock-split or been part of a repurchase program?

At what price per share did you sell your stock at on December 31, 2015?

Did you make any money on your investment? If so, how much? If not, how much did you lose?

Answer based on this info:

	All Figures in 000's
Particulars	2014	2015	2016
Current Asset		2764538	3133214
Current Liability		1049014	1187659
Cash & Cash Equivalents		441850	600646
Investment others		268720	310072
Investments fixed maturity		1304962	1510538
Receivables		189869	175210
Total Assets	5998978	6872175	8150175
Shareholders Equity	1527368	1884359	2251406
Total debt		2190869	2688758
Sales		3074531	3275656
Operating profit		663024	866814
Net profit		356741	489001
Price on the last day ($)		330.62	345.05
EPS ($ per share)		18.21	24.95

Particulars	Formula	2015	2016
Current Ratio	current assets/current liabilities	2.64	2.64
Quick Ratio	(cash + investments + receivables)/curretn liabilities	2.10	2.19
Operating Margin	(Operating Profit/Sales)*100	21.57%	26.46%
Net Profit Margin	(Net Profit/Sales)*100	11.60%	14.93%
Return on Total assets	(Net profit/Average assets)*100	5.54%	6.51%
Return on common equity	(Net profit/Average shareholders equity)*100	20.91%	23.65%
Return on invested capital	(Net income -dividends)/(Debt+quity)	8.27%	7.92%
Price/Earnings	Price/EPS	18.16	13.83
Market Capitalisation	Price * Bumber of shares outstanding	6475732602	6761637756
Share outstanding	NA	19586633	19596110
Dividend per share ($)	NA	1	5
Dividend Yield	(Dividend/Price)*100	0.30%	1.45%

fuchsiamule181

Take a look at and read this article that discusses the cost of capital. What are your thoughts? Elaborate and Explain

Capital for a small business is simply money. It is the financing for the small business or the money used to operate and buy assets. Cost of capital is the cost of obtaining that money or financing for the small business. The cost of capital is also called the hurdle rate.

Should very small businesses even worry about their cost of capital? The answer to that is absolutely yes! Even very small businesses need money to operate and that money is going to cost something. Companies want that cost to be as low as possible.

What is Capital?

Capital is the money businesses use for financing their operations. The cost of capital is simply the rent, or interest rate, it costs the business to obtain financing. In order to understand cost of capital, you must first understand the concept of capital. Capital for very small businesses may just be the supplier credit they rely on. For larger businesses, capital may be the supplier credit and longer term debt or liabilities, which are the firm's liabilities.

If a company is public or takes on investors, then capital will also include equity capital or common stock. Other equity accounts will be retained earnings, paid-in capital, perhaps preferred stock.

Why is Capital Important?

In order to build new plants, buy new equipment, develop new products, and upgrade informationtechnology, businesses have to have money or capital. For every decision like this, a business owner or Chief Financial Officer (CFO) has to decide if the return on the investment is greater than the cost of capital or the cost of the money it takes to invest in the project.

Business owners do not usually invest in new projects unless the return on the capital they invest in these projects is greater than or at least equal to the cost of the capital they have to use to finance these projects. Cost of capital is the key to all business decisions.

What is the Cost of Capital?

A company's cost of capital is simply the cost of money the company uses for financing. If a company only uses current liabilities and long-term debt to finance its operations, then it uses debt and the cost of capital is usually the interest rate on that debt.

If a company is public and has investors, then cost of capital gets more complicated. If the company only uses funds provided by investors, then the cost of capital is the cost of equity. Usually, this type of company has debt but it also finances with equity financing or money that investors supply. In this case, the cost of capital is the cost of debt and the cost of equity.

The combination of debt and equity financing for a company is the company's capital structure.

What is Return on Capital?

Return on capital is the amount of profit you earn out of a business or project as compared to the amount of capital you invested. The key to cost of capital for a company is that a company's return on capital must always equal or exceed the cost of capital for any project in which the firm wants to invest. In other words, the company's investment rate of return (return on capital) must equal or exceed their financing rate of return (cost of capital) in order for the firm to be profitable.

What Composes the Cost of Capital

One component of the cost of capital is the cost of debt financing. For larger businesses, debt usually means large loans or bonds. For very small companies, the debt can mean trade credit. For either, the cost of debt is the interest rate the company pays on debt.

Another component of the cost of capital is the cost of equity financing if your company is a public company; in other words, if you have investors in your company who provide money in exchange for an ownership stake in the company.

There are several components of the cost of equity capital. First, there is the cost of retained earnings or the money that the company invests back into the company, instead of paying outdividends. Next, there is the cost of new common stock or stock that the company issues to raise money. Last, the company may even issue preferred stock to raise money.

For very small firms, the cost of capital may be much simpler. There are advantages and disadvantages to both debt and equity financing, including cost, that any business owner must consider before adding them to the capital structure of the company. Very small firms may just useshort term debt, in which case we have to establish a cost for this capital component.

The Company's Weighted Average Cost of Capital

Once the business owner understands the concepts of capital and cost of capital, the next step is to understand weighted average cost of capital. Each capital component is a certain percentage of the company's capital structure. In order to arrive at the true cost of capital for a business firm, the owner must multiply the percentage of the company's capital structure for each component by the cost of that component and sum them.

Summary of Cost of Capital

Before a company can engage in buying assets or obtaining financing for its operations, it must make some determination of its cost of capital -- what it really costs the firm for the money it has to have to for all its financing. That cost of financing must never exceed its return on capital. Here is a cost of capital video series that you may find helpful. It helps put the return on capital and cost of capital in real world terms for you.

INTST101 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Economic Integration, Mothers Against Drunk Driving, Naomi Klein

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