PHIL 150 Chapter Notes - Chapter 5, H, 6, A-C: Three Steps, Middle Term, Deductive Reasoning
10 May 2018
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PHIL Logic Reading Notes
Chapter 5 (H), Chapter 6 (A-C)
H. Translating Ordinary Language into Categorical Propositions
Missing plural nouns
o Ex: Some political parties are disorganized.
o Revise: Some political parties are disorganized groups.
Nonstandard verbs
o Ex: All the protestors at the convention were arrested.
o Revise: All the protestors at the convention are people who were arrested.
Singular propositions
o Ex: Al Gore is a Novel Prize winner.
o Revise: All persons identical to Al Gore are persons who have won a Nobel Prize.
o Refers to class with exactly one member, Al Gore
Adverbs and pronouns
o Ex: Wherever there is smoke, there is fire.
o Revise: All places that have smoke are places that have fire.
o Ex: Whoever took my laptop is in big trouble.
o Revise: All persons who took my laptop are persons in big trouble.
“It is False That…”
o Ex: It is false that every professional athlete uses steroids.
o Revise: Some professional athletes are not people who use steroids.
Implied quantifiers
o Ex: A professor is not a machine.
o Revise: No professors are machines.
o Use negative form when translating “not”
Nonstandard quantifiers
o Ex: Not every investment banker is a crook.
o Revise: Some investment bankers are not crooks.
o Not every = at least one = some
Conditional statements
o Ex: If a person has $10 in her checking account, then she is not rich.
o Revise: No persons having $10 in their checking account are rich persons.
o Ex: First step: If murderers do not stop their behavior, then murderers do not get
punished.
o Second step: If murderers stop their behavior, then murderers get punished.
o Final translation: All murderers who have stopped their behavior are murderers who have
been punished.
Exclusive propositions
o Ex: Only persons with tickets can enter the arena.
o Only way of saying “if a person does not have a ticket, then that person cannot enter the arena”
o Change: If a person can enter the arena, then that person has a ticket.
o Revise: All persons who can enter the arena are persons who have tickets.
“The Only”
o Ex: Android phones are the only phones imported by her company.
o Revise: All phones are imported by her company are Android phones.
Propositions requiring two translations
o Exceptive propositions: All but S are P
o Ex: Everyone but gamblers sleeps well at night.
o Revise: No gamblers are people who sleep well at night, and all non-gamblers are people who
sleep well at night.
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Document Summary
Chapter 5 (h), chapter 6 (a-c: translating ordinary language into categorical propositions. Missing plural nouns: ex: some political parties are disorganized, revise: some political parties are disorganized groups. Nonstandard verbs: ex: all the protestors at the convention were arrested, revise: all the protestors at the convention are people who were arrested. Singular propositions: ex: al gore is a novel prize winner, revise: all persons identical to al gore are persons who have won a nobel prize, refers to class with exactly one member, al gore. It is false that : ex: it is false that every professional athlete uses steroids, revise: some professional athletes are not people who use steroids. Implied quantifiers: ex: a professor is not a machine, revise: no professors are machines, use negative form when translating not . Nonstandard quantifiers: ex: not every investment banker is a crook, revise: some investment bankers are not crooks, not every = at least one = some.
