BIOL 1002 Chapter : Chapter20

17 views8 pages

azuremammoth471

15 Mar 2019

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Textbook Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

NOTES FOR BIOLOGY 1002

DR. STEVEN POMARICO

CHAPTER 20

The Diversity of Protists this kingdom wasn’t around until the late 60s

The Kingdom Protista

The Kingdom Protista represents an unusual mix of organisms.

The organisms found in this kingdom are all eukaryotes and most are single-celled for

most of their life cycle. When they’re not single celled organisms, there not multi celled

either.

Remember the eukaryotic differences:

Nucleus (with a double membrane)

Organelles

2 or more chromosomes (DNA + proteins)

Since the organisms of the kingdom Protista are eukaryotic cells, they are clearly

different from the Bacteria and Archaea.

The differences between the protists and the rest of the eukaryotes are not quite as

clear.

Protista maybe gave rise to kingdom A,F,and P.

Past classifications of the protists organized them into three general groups based on

nutritional methods:

Plant-like protists - Autotrophic (photosynthetic)

Fungus-like protists - Heterotrophic (decomposers)

Animal-like protists - Heterotrophic (hunters and symbiotic)

Phytoplankton or algae are the photosynthetic eukaryotes at the base of most aquatic

food webs (see fig 28-4)

They are responsible for most of the photosynthesis (and most of the oxygen

production) of the planet.

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 8 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Protozoans are heterotrophic protists, which actively seek and ingest their food (either

food particles or other organisms)

The Protists can be organized into eight general groups (see table 20-1): However

there is a good deal of uncertainty about the evolution of these groups.

Excavates

-move via flagella

-have a feeding groove

-heterotrophic and lack mitochondria

The two largest subgroups of the excavates are the diplomonads and the

parabasalids

Diplomonads

-both free living and symbiotic species

-have two nuclei

-multiple flagella

Giardia (see fig 20-3) is a member of this group – infection results from drinks untreated

water causing diarrhea etc.

Parabasalids

-anaerobic

-all known species are symbiotic and some are parasitic

Trichomanas vaginalis (see fig 20-4) is a sexually transmitted member of this group –

males can often be asymptomatic.

Euglenozoans

-have distinctive mitochondria

-move via flagella

-mixed nutritional methods

There are two major groups, the euglenids and the kinetoplastids

Euglenids

-Most are freshwater

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 8 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

-Have 1-3 flagella

-Primarily photosynthetic but can switch to heterotrophic in the dark

-Many lack a rigid cell wall

-Have a photoreceptor called an eyespot

-Named after Euglena (see fig. 20-5)

Kinetoplastids

-One flagellum

-Both free living and symbiotic species

Some of the symbiotic species are parasitic. Including Trypanosoma (see fig 20-6) -

causing sleeping sickness

Stramenopiles (a.k.a. Chromists)

-have many different forms some living as multicellular colonies

-mixed nutritional methods

There are three major groups:

-Water molds

-Diatoms

-Brown Algae

Water molds - Division Oomycota

-they form a small division

-Cells can form aggregated colonies

-filamentous bodies

-heterotrophic decomposers

-mobile flagellated gametes.

One common water mold with economic importance is downy mildew (see figure 20-

7).

Diatoms - Division Chrysophyta

-May be freshwater or marine

-Photosynthetic

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 8 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Document Summary

The diversity of protists this kingdom wasn"t around until the late 60s. The kingdom protista represents an unusual mix of organisms. The organisms found in this kingdom are all eukaryotes and most are single-celled for most of their life cycle. When they"re not single celled organisms, there not multi celled either. Since the organisms of the kingdom protista are eukaryotic cells, they are clearly different from the bacteria and archaea. The differences between the protists and the rest of the eukaryotes are not quite as clear. Protista maybe gave rise to kingdom a,f,and p. Past classifications of the protists organized them into three general groups based on nutritional methods: Phytoplankton or algae are the photosynthetic eukaryotes at the base of most aquatic food webs (see fig 28-4) They are responsible for most of the photosynthesis (and most of the oxygen production) of the planet. Parabasalids two largest subgroups of the excavates are the diplomonads and the.

Related Questions

Question 1

The process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template is â¦

Select one:

a. replication

b. transcription

c. translation

d. inspiration

Question 2

Which of the following occurs during meiosis but not mitosis?

Select one:

a. DNA condenses into chromosomes

b. nuclear envelop disappears

c. homologous chromosomes separate

d. sister chromatids separate

Question 3

Which part of the animal life cycle is haploid?

Select one:

a. gamete

b. zygote

c. sporophyte

d. spore

Question 4

Single celled eukaryotic organisms are â¦

Select one:

a. viruses

b. bacterial

c. archaea

d. protists

Question 5

Which type of cellular division results in the formation of diploid cells from a diploid parent cell?

Select one:

a. mitosis

b. meiosis

c. interphase

d. A and B but not C

e. all of the above

Question 6

A sequence of DNA that codes for a single protein is a â¦

Select one:

a. gene

b. ribosome

c. mRNA

d. none of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is characteristic of animals?

Select one:

a. heterotrophic

b. sexual reproduction

c. embryonic development

d. all of the above

Question 8

All genes have only two possible alleles.

Select one:

True

False

Question 9

The presence of membrane-bound organelles is characteristic of â¦

Select one:

a. prokaryotes

b. viruses

c. bacteria

d. eukaryotes

Question 10

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Select one:

a. fatty acids

b. amino acids

c. nucleic acids

d. all of the above

Question 11

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Select one:

a. Mitosis

b. Interphase

c. Meiosis

d. Replicosis

Question 12

Which of the following characteristic is shared among fungi and animals?

Select one:

a. autotrophic

b. heterotrophic

c. cell walls

d. absorb nutrients

Question 13

A error in DNA replication that goes unrepaired is a â¦

Select one:

a. chromosome

b. chromatid

c. mutation

d. none of the above

Question 14

Alternate forms of a gene are called ________.

Select one:

a. chromatids

b. chromosomes

c. ribosomal subunits

d. alleles

Question 15

The physical expression of a genotype is the phenotype.

Select one:

True

False

Question 16

In complete dominance, a heterozygous genotype results in â¦

Select one:

a. a recessive phenotype

b. a dominant phenotype

c. a third and unique phenotype

d. none of the above

Question 17

Which theory explains the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes?

Select one:

a. phagocytosis

b. endosymbiosis

c. pinocytosis

d. none of the above

Question 18

Which scientist experimented with plants to describe patterns of inheritance?

Select one:

a. Mendel

b. Chase

c. Einstein

d. Watson

Question 19

Which cellular organelle contains aerobic cellular respiration?

Select one:

a. chloroplasts

b. mitochondria

c. nucleus

d. lysosome

Question 20

Which of the following statements is false?

Select one:

a. Haploid gametes are formed by meiosis

b. Mitosis forms genetically identical daughter cells

c. Mitosis results in the formation of four daughter cells from a single parent cell

d. Mitosis forms diploid daughter cells from a diploid parent cell

Question 21

The first forms of life on Earth were ________.

Select one:

a. plants

b. microorganisms

c. birds

d. dinosaurs

Question 22

Which of the following is used to separate chromosomes during nuclear division?

Select one:

a. cytoskeleton

b. microtubules

c. actin and myosin

d. amoeboid movement

e. all of the above

Question 23

Which generation is most dominant in more primitive plants?

Select one:

a. bryophyte

b. sporophyte

c. gametophyte

d. androphyte

Question 24

Which of the following is characteristic of plants?

Select one:

a. autotrophic

b. contain chloroplasts

c. multicellular

d. all of the above

Question 25

During which phase of mitosis do chromosome line up along the middle of the cell?

Select one:

a. prophase

b. metaphase

c. anaphase

d. telophase

Question 26

During which phase of mitosis does DNA condense into distinct chromosomes?

Select one:

a. prophase

b. metaphase

c. anaphase

d. telophase

Question 27

The process by which DNA is used as a template to make new DNA is â¦

Select one:

a. translation

b. replication

c. transcription

d. allocation

Question 28

Which of the following is characteristic of plant but not animal cells?

Select one:

a. chloroplasts

b. water vacuole

c. cell wall

d. all of the above

Question 29

Which meiotic division is most like mitosis?

Select one:

a. Meiosis I

b. Meiosis II

c. Meiosis III

d. Meiosis IV

Question 30

Which enzyme catalyzes replication?

Select one:

a. DNA polymerase

b. RNA polymerase

c. Ribosome

d. all of the above

__________ are fairly small organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out certain biochemical reactions that generate harmful, highly reactive oxygen species. These chemicals are both generated and broken down in the same location.

Lysosomes

Endosomes

Peroxisomes

Nucleosomes

Biologists cannot possibly study all living species. Instead, they try to understand cell behavior by studying a select subset of them. Which of the following characteristics are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in laboratory studies?

rapid rate of reproduction

all of the above

ability to grow under controlled conditions

amenability to genetic manipulation

By definition, prokaryotic cells do not possess __________.

ribosomes.

a nucleus.

membrane bilayers.

replication machinery.

Cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in the cell. Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a microscope is limited by the __________ of light.

intensity

absorption

wavelength

filtering

Choose the phrase that best completes this sentence: Microtubules ____________ and are required to pull duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of dividing cells.

generate contractile forces

can rapidly reorganize

are found in especially large numbers in muscle cells

are intermediate in thickness

Despite the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, prokaryotes have proteins that are distantly related to eukaryotic actin filaments and microtubules. What is likely to be the most ancient function of the cytoskeleton?

cell division

cell motility

vesicle transport

membrane support

DNA and RNA are different types of nucleic acid polymer. Which of the following is true of DNA but not true of RNA?

It contains thymine.

It has 5'-to-3' directionality.

It is single-stranded.

It contains uracil.

Double covalent bonds are both shorter and stronger than single covalent bonds, but they also limit the geometry of the molecule because they ____________________.

prevent additional bonds from being formed with the bonded atoms.

limit the rotation of the bonded atoms.

create a new arrangement of electron shells.

change the reactivity of the bonded atoms.

Drosophila melanogaster is a/an __________. This type of animal is the most abundant of all animal species, making it an appropriate choice as an experimental model.

mammal

amphibian

bird

insect

10.

If the isotope 32S has 16 protons and 16 neutrons, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons will the isotope 35S have, respectively?

16, 19, 17

16, 19, 15

16, 19, 16

16, 20, 15

11.

Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that there are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit?

cell

organelle

protein

DNA

12.

Macromolecules in the cell can often interact transiently as a result of noncovalent interactions. These weak interactions also produce stable, highly specific interactions between molecules. Which of the factors below is the most significant in determining whether the interaction will be transient or stable?

the concentration of each molecule

the size of each molecule

surface complementarity between molecules

the rate of synthesis

13.

Many of the mechanisms that cells use for maintenance and reproduction were first studied at the molecular level in bacteria. Which bacterial species had a central role in advancing the field of molecular biology?

E. coli

S. pombe

C. elegans

D. melanogaster

14.

Many types of cells have stores of lipids in their cytoplasm, usually seen as fat droplets. What is the lipid most commonly found in these droplets?

cholesterol

isoprene

triacylglycerol

palmitic acid

15.

Mitochondria contain their own genome, are able to duplicate, and actually divide on a different time line from the rest of the cell. Nevertheless, mitochondria cannot function for long when isolated from the cell because they are __________________.

anaerobes.

viruses.

parasites.

endosymbionts.

16.

Mitochondria perform cellular respiration, a process that uses oxygen, generates carbon dioxide, and produces chemical energy for the cell. Which answer below indicates a correct pairing of material âburnedâ and the form of energy produced during cellular respiration?

17.

Polar covalent bonds are formed when the electrons in the bond are not shared equally between the two nuclei. Which one of these molecules contains polar bonds?

BIOL 1002 Chapter : Chapter20

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

BIOL 1002 Lecture : Bio Notes Feb 6

BIOL 1002 Chapter : Chapter 20 Review

BIOL 1002 Chapter : Chapter 20 Notes

Related Questions