BIO 111 Chapter Notes - Chapter 8, 20: Horizontal Gene Transfer, Bacterial Conjugation, Pilus
Document Summary
Prokaryotes reproduce asexually by binary fission cloning. Horizontal gene transfer the process that prokaryotes use in order to transfer genes between organisms. 20. 1 eukaryotes acquired features from archaea and bacteria. Protists eukaryotes that are not plants, fungi, or animals, but are not actually phylogenetically related as a group (they are simply the outgroup) Eukaryotes are more closely related to archaea than bacteria, yet the mitochondria has clear bacterial descendence. The modern eukaryotic cell arose in several steps: origin of a flexible cell surface. By having a flexible cell surface, the sa-v ratio does not have to be a limitation because the cell can simply rearrange its shape in order to maximize sa. A flexible cell surface is also the first step towards endosymbiosis: origin of a cytoskeleton. Allows the cell to manage changes in shape, distribute chromosomes, and to move materials across the cell.
