BIOCHEM 420 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Molecular Partners, Intermolecular Force, Dimensionless Quantity
Document Summary
Get access
Related textbook solutions
Related Documents
Related Questions
Second messengers play an important role in cellcommunication.
Which of the following best describes their role?
None | ||
integrate, amplify and distribute messages throughout thecell | ||
Release messages to other cells? | ||
Receive information at the cell surface |
What is true of disulfide bonds?
a. | They often occur in the cytosol | |
b. | They are a noncovalent bond | |
c. | They are formed enzymatically in the ER | |
d. | They act as reducing agents | |
e. | they increase protein flexibility |
Which of the following is NOT an example of a cell communicationmolecule?
nucleases | ||
nitric oxide | ||
hormones | ||
kinases |
What is true of binding pockets?
a. | They only occur in the membrane | |
b. | They occur in unfolded proteins | |
c. | They contain electrostatic interactions | |
d. | They contain variable amino acids | |
e. |
What is true of cell signaling?
a. | Extracellular signals transduced by rectors always alter cellbehavior very quickly | |
b. | Some cells require cell signals just to survive | |
c. | Cell signals can be interpreted differently by differentcells | |
d. | B and C only | |
e. | All of the above (A, B and C) |
Histone tails can be modified to change the shape and"tightness" of the nucleosomes. Acetylated histones result in whicheffect?
Open DNA | ||
increased transcription | ||
closed DNA | ||
decreased transcription | ||
1+2 | ||
1+4 | ||
3+4 | ||
2+3 |
Shifting the two bound tRNA from the A and P sites to the E andP sites of the ribosome involves:
a. | The movement of the small ribosome subunit down the mRNAchain | |
b. | The degradation of the A site on ribosome | |
c. | The synthesis of the E site on the ribosome | |
d. | The movement of the large subunit relative to the smallsubunit | |
e. | All of the above |
Intracellular signaling pathways are awesome! What is the onething they can NOT do?
a. | relay the signal, to spread it through the cell | |
b. | nothing, they can communicate any cellular need | |
c. | distribute the signal to more than one effector protein | |
d. | integrate the signal from more than one cellular pathway | |
e. | Amplify the signal received, making the signal stronger |
Specificity of protein/protein and protein/DNA binding isdetermined by what?
Non-covalent bonds | ||
Hydrophobic interactions | ||
Covalent bonds | ||
shape of the binding site | ||
all of the above | ||
none of the above | ||
1,2,3 | ||
1,2,4 | ||
1,3,4 |
The coiling structure of the DNA into chromosomes is achieved bywhat?
alpha helix | ||
beta pleated sheets | ||
chaperone proteins | ||
DNA/Protein complexing |
Which regions (s) of the DNA are found in the final protein?
a. | poly-A tail | |
b. | A and B | |
c. | Exons | |
d. | UTRs | |
e. | Introns |
Metabolic processes can be turned "on" and "off" by chemicalmodifcation.
Which chemical modification do we associate with changing theactivity of an enzyme in a transient/non-permanent manner?
Phosphorylation | ||
Ubiquitination | ||
Methylation | ||
Acetylation |
DNA hybridization involves attaching a florescent dye towhat?
a. | Antibody | |
b. | Nuclear stain | |
c. | Probe DNA | |
d. | tRNA | |
e. | rRNA |
1.
__________ are fairly small organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out certain biochemical reactions that generate harmful, highly reactive oxygen species. These chemicals are both generated and broken down in the same location.
Lysosomes |
Endosomes |
Peroxisomes |
Nucleosomes 2. Biologists cannot possibly study all living species. Instead, they try to understand cell behavior by studying a select subset of them. Which of the following characteristics are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in laboratory studies?
|
1. Characters that show a continuous range of variation, such as height and eye color, usually are controlled:
a. | by a single gene with two alleles that are codominant. |
b. | by many genes with an additive effect. |
c. | by epistatic interactions between two genes. |
d. | mainly by the environment, with only a small genetic component. |
2. In humans, red-green colorblindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. In order for a woman to be red-green colorblind, which of the following statements must be true.
a. | Her mother must be red-green colorblind. |
b. | All of her brothers must be red-green colorblind. |
c. | Her father must be red-green colorblind. |
d. | All of the above statements must be true if a woman is red-green colorblind. |
3. The x-ray crystallography data collected by Rosalind Franklin suggested to Watson and Crick that the:
a. | structure of DNA is a double helix. |
b. | two strands of the DNA molecule are joined by hydrogen bonds between the bases. |
c. | four bases within DNA pair in a specific way. |
d. | two strands of the DNA molecule are joined by covalent bonds between the bases. |
4. In the genetic code, _________ one amino acid.
a. | one nucleotide specifies |
b. | two nucleotides specify |
c. | three nucleotides specify |
d. | four nucleotides specify |
5. During Meiosis I, a homologous pair of chromosomes may not separate, resulting in daughter cells that have extra chromosomes or are missing chromosomes. This can lead to genetic disorders, including Down Syndrome. This phenomenon is called:
a. | independent assortment. |
b. | nondisjunction. |
c. | segregation. |
d. | crossing over. |
6. You are a human geneticist studying the incidence of retinitis pigmentosa in the residents of Tristan de Cunha, a group of small islands in the middle of the southern Atlantic Ocean. The allele for retinitis pigmentosa, which causes a form of blindness, is inherited as an autosomal recessive. You have determined that the frequency of this allele (r) in the population is 0.4 (40%). Using the principles of the Hardy-Weinberg rule, you would estimate the frequency of individuals who are heterozygous for this allele (Rr) in the population to be:
a. | 0.16 (16%) |
b. | 0.24 (24%) |
c. | 0.36 (36%) |
d. | 0.48 (48%) |
7. Natural selection acts at the level of the:
a. | phenotype. |
b. | gene. |
c. | population. |
d. | nucleotide. |
8. You are working with pea plants, trying to recreate the experiments that Mendel performed. You are doing a dihybrid cross with a plant that is heterozygous for both seed shape and seed color, with the genotype RrYy. Which allelic combinations would you expect to find in the gametes produced by this plant?
a. | This plant would produce only RY and ry gametes. |
b. | This plant would produce only RrYy gametes. |
c. | This plant would produce RY, Ry, rY, and ry gametes. |
d. | You cannot determine which gametes this plant can produce without knowing the genotypes of its parents. |
9. Biochemist Erwin Chargaff found that in DNA there is a special relationship between the four bases that we now call Chargaff's rule. His observation was that, in an organism's genome the:
a. | percentage of A nucleotides = the percentage of T nucleotides, and the percentage of C nucleotides = the percentage of G nucleotides. |
b. | four bases all occur in an equal frequency (25%) within each organism. |
c. | percentage of A nucleotides = the percentage of G nucleotides, and the percentage of C nucleotides = the percentage of T nucleotides. |
d. | genetic material is composed of proteins, not DNA. |
10. During DNA replication:
a. | each strand of the double helix acts as a template for the synthesis of a new strand. |
b. | the enzyme DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the strand being synthesized. |
c. | the bases A,C,G and T are required. |
d. | All of the above are true of DNA replication. |
11. During translation, amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to make polypeptides. The formation of these peptide bonds is catalyzed by:
a. | DNA. |
b. | mRNA. |
c. | tRNA. |
d. | rRNA. |
12. If an allele (R) at a gene with two alleles shows complete dominance, individuals with the genotypes ______ will have the same phenotype.
a. | RR and rr. |
b. | RR and Rr |
c. | Rr and rr |
d. | Each of the three possible genotypes will have a different phenotype. |