GOV 310L 01/15/2014
Chapter 1: Five Principles of Politics
Reading Notes
America’s state and local governments possess a considerable measure of independence and authority
Complexity of America’s government was one element of the Founders’ grand constitutional design
The framers of the Constitution hoped that an elaborate division of power among institutions and between
the states and the federal government would allow a variety of competing groups, forces, interests, and
ideas to have access to areas of decision making and a voice in public affairs—while preventing any single
group or coalition from monopolizing power
America’s political tradition associates complexity with liberty and political opportunity
5 Principles of Politics:
All political behavior has a purpose (rationality principle)
Institutions structure politics (institution principle)
All politics is collective action (collectionaction principle)
Political outcomes are the products of individual preferences and institutional procedures (policy principle)
How we got here matters (history principle)
Finding order in the apparent chaos of politics is precisely what political scientists do; political science is
devoted to identifying patterns and regularities in all the noise and maneuvering of everyday political life
2 fundamental questions: What do we observe? And Why?
Political science is an empirical enterprise; it aims to identify facts and patterns that are true in the word
around us
Government: the institutions and procedures through which a land and its people are ruled
Autocracy: a form of government in which a single individual rules
Oligarchy: a form of government in which a small group of landowners, military officers, or wealthy
merchants controls most of the governing decisions Democracy: a system of rule that permits citizens to play a significant part in the governmental process,
usually through the selections of key public officials
Constitutional Government: a system of rule in which formal and effective limits are placed on the
powers of the government
Authoritarian Government: a system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits but
may nevertheless be restrained by the power of other social institutions
Totalitarian Government: a system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits on its
power and seeks to absorb or eliminate other social institutions that may challenge it
Politics: the conflicts and struggles over the leadership, structure, and policies of government
The goal of politics is to have a share or a say in the composition of the government’s leadership, how the
government is organized, or what its policies are going to be
One reason that governments do what they do is that they respond to what people want; all people have
goals and their political behavior is guided by these goals
Instrumental: done with purpose, sometimes with forethoughts, and even with calculation
“Retail” politics involves dealing directly with constituents, as when a politician helps an individual navigate
a federal agency, find a misplaced Social Security check, or apply to a service academy
“Wholesale” politics involves appealing to collections of constituents, as when a legislator introduces a bill
that would benefit a group that’s active in her state or district, secures money for a bridge or public building
in his hometown, etc.
Institutions: the rules and procedures that provide incentives for political behavior, thereby shaping
politics
They choreograph political activity
They list the players, their positions, what they want, what they know when they take actions, what they can
do, and when they can do it
Jurisdiction: the domain over which an institution or member of an institution has authority
Agenda Power: the control over what a group will consider for discussion (who determines what will be
taken up for consideration in an institution)
Veto Power: the ability to defeat something even if it has made it on to the agenda of an institution
Gatekeeping : consists of the power to make proposals and the power to block proposals from being
made
Agenda power is vested in the legislature; whereas, veto power is possessed both by the legislature and
the president (the assent of each is required for a bill to become a law)
Delegation: the transmission of authority to some other official or body for the latter’s use (though often
with the right of review and revision)
Representative democracy is the quintessential instance of delegation Principalagent Relationship: the relationship between a principal and his or her agent; this
relationship may be affected by the fact that each is motivated by selfinterest, yet their interests may not be
well aligned
Transaction Costs: the cost of clarifying each aspect of a principalagent relationship and monitoring it
to make such arrangements are compiled with
Political action is collective; it involves building, combining, mixing, and amalgamating people’s individuals
goals
Much of politics is informal, unstructured bargaining
Formal bargaining is often associated with events that take place in official institutions—legislatures,
courts, party conventions, administrative, and regulatory agencies
Collective Action: the pooling of resources and the coordination of effort and activity by a group of
people (often a large one) to achieve common goals
Free Riding: enjoying the benefits of some good or action while letting others bear the costs
Public Good: a good that (1) may be enjoyed by anyone if it’s provided and (2) may not be denied to
anyone once it has been provided
ByProduct Theory: the idea that groups provide members with private benefits to attract
membership; the possibility of group collective action emerges as a consequence
Selective Benefits: benefits that don’t go to everyone but, rather, are distributed selectively—only to
those who contribute to the group enterprise
Tragedy of the Commons : reveals how unbridled selfinterest can have damaging collective
consequences (i.e. a political party’s reputation)
Overgrazing : a common resource that’s irreparably depleted by individual actions
The rationality principle covers individual initiative; the collective action principle describes the paradoxes
encountered, the obstacles that must be overcome, and the incentives necessary for individuals to work
with others to coordinate their energies, accomplish collective purposes, and secure the dividends of
cooperation; the institution principle focuses on collective activities that are regularized because they are
both important and frequently occurring
As students of American politics, we need to consider the link between individual goals, institutional
arrangements, collective action, and policy outcomes
Policies are politically crafted according to both institutional procedures and individual aspirations
Without history we have neither a sense of causation nor a full sense of how institutions are related to one
another
Path Dependency: the idea that certain possibilities are made more or less likely because of the
historical path taken
3 Factors that help to explain why history matters in political life:
Rules and Procedures Loyalties and Alliances
Historically conditioned points of views
Lecture Notes ~ January 15, 2014
Government – “Monopoly on the use of force”, coercion, legitimacy
Types: Who and What
Inclusiveness
One ▯ Autocracy
Few ▯ Oligarchy
Many ▯ Democracy
Scope of Power
Constitutional ▯ Substantive legal limits (i.e. The United States)
Authoritarian ▯ Few Limits competing powers (i.e. church, lords)
Totalitarian ▯ No limits (i.e. North Korea)
The kind of rule in which the power of government has only minimal legal limits but is effectively restrained
by other social, religious, or economic institutions is called:
Authoritarian
Imagine a society in which a patriarch has almost total power but is constrained in his coercive power by
the church. This government would best be described as a(n):
Authoritarian Autocracy
Political Science asks: What do we observe? An empirical question Why? Requires building a theory
around principles 5 Principles of Politics
1. All political behavior has a purpose and individuals are goaloriented
Rationality Principle – individuals act instrumentally
2. All politics is collective action
Government requires collective social action. Bargaining overcomes mixed, competing individual motives
3. Institutions structure politics
Jurisdiction
Agenda and veto power (gatekeeping)
Decisiveness – who decides, effectiveness of the decision
Delegation (division of labor)
4. Policy is the product of individual preferences and institutional procedures
5. History Matters
Processes shape institutions
Rules and procedures
Loyalties and alliances
“Historically conditioned points of view” GOV 310L 01/15/2014
Chapter 2: Constructing a Government – The Founding and the Constitution
Reading Notes
Stamp Act of 1765: required that all printed and legal documents, including newspapers, pamphlets,
advertisements, notes and bonds, etc. be printed on official paper stamped and sold by English officials
The Stamp Act Congress – the first steps taken by colonists that would ultimately lead to war and the
establishment of a new nation
The Constitution: the quintessential institutional setup that structures political relationships, facilitates
collective action, and encourages peaceful conflict resolution
CORE OF THE ANALYSIS
The framers of the Constitution, although guided by underlying values, also had conflicting goals and
interests
These conflicting interests were accommodated through the rules and procedures—the institutions—set
forth in the Constitution
The Constitution not only provides a framework for government but also often guides the policy process—
even to this day
Representation is one of the foundations of American democracy
Institutions matter in 2 ways:
Institutions shape politics and affect the results of political conflicts—who wins and who loses (institution
principle)
Institutional procedures, coupled with individual preferences, help to determine policy outcomes—what the
government can and cannot do (policy principle)
In the USA, no set of institutions is more important than the Constitution
The American Revolution and the Constitution were outgrowths and expressions of a struggle among
economic and political forces within the colonies
Boston Massacre: March 5, 1770
The rationality principle only requires people to do the best they can at the time they act
The political strife within the colonies was the background for the events of 1773—74
The Boston Tea Party: led by Samuel Adams; hoped to provoke the British government to take actions
that would alienate its colonial supporters and pave the way for a rebellion GOV 310L 01/15/2014
First Continental Congress: as assembly consisting of delegates from all parts of the colonies, which
called for a total boycott of British goods and, under the prodding of the radicals, began to consider the
possibility of independence from British rule – the result was the Declaration of Independence
Second Continental Congress: appointed a committee to draft a statement of American independence
from British rule (The Declaration of Independence)
The Declaration of Independence
Written by Thomas Jefferson who drew many of his ideas from the philosopher John Locke
Asserted that certain rights, called “unalienable rights” –including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness—
could not be abridged by governments
It identified and focused on problems, grievances, aspirations, and principles that might unify the various
colonial groups
It was an attempt to identify and articulate a history and a set of principles that might help to forge national
unity
The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union: America’s first written constitution;
adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777, the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were the
formal basis for America’s national government until 1789, when they were superseded by the Constitution
Concerned primarily with limiting the powers of the central government (based entirely on Congress)
Congress could not declare war and make peace, make treaties and alliances, coin or borrow money, and
could not regulate trade with Native Americans
The Articles of Confederation also stated that the central government could not prevent one state from
discriminating against other states in the quest for foreign commerce
All governmental powers were retained by the states
There was no executive, no judicial authority, and no other means of enforcing Congress’ will
The Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation were not sufficient to hold the nation
together as an independent and effective nation
Competition among the state for foreign commerce allowed the European powers to play the states
against one another, creating confusion on both sides of the Atlantic
The Annapolis Convention: the first step toward the second founding and called for the Constitutional
Convention of 1787
Shay’s Rebellion: concentrated attention, coordinated beliefs, produced widespread fear and
apprehension, and thus convinced waverers that something was broken and needed fixing
Daniel Shays, a former army captain, led a mob of farmers in a rebellion against the government of
Massachusetts
The purpose of the rebellion was to prevent foreclosures on their debtridden land by keeping the country
courts of western Massachusetts from sitting until after the next election GOV 310L 01/15/2014
Shays and his followers terrified the state government by attempting to capture the federal arsenal at
Springfield, provoking Congress to help restore order
The status quo prevails until and unless it is replaced
The Constitutional Convention of 1787: 73 delegates drafted the US Constitution
It was chiefly organized by the New England merchants and the southern planters
The Great Compromise: Edmund Randolph of Virginia proposed (known as the Virginia Plan) corrections
and enlargements in the Articles of Confederation which ultimately led to the framework of the Constitution
The Virginia Plan – provided for a system of representation in the national legislature based on the
population of each state, the proportion of each state’s revenue contribution, or both
Great Compromise: an agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that gave each
state an equal number of senators regardless of its population but linked representation in the House of
Representatives in population
Threefifths Compromise: an agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention of 1787
stipulating that for purposes of the apportionment of congressional seats, every slave would be counted as
threefifths of a person
The political significance of the Great Compromise and the Threefifths Compromise was to reinforce the
unity of the mercantile and planter forces that sought to create a new government
The Great Compromise reassured those who feared that the importance of their own local or regional
influence would be reduced by the new governmental framework
The Threefifths Compromise temporarily defused the rivalry between the merchants the planters
The framers sought a new government that would be strong enough to promote commerce and protect
property from radical state legislatures, and they sought to prevent what they saw as the threat posed by
the ‘excessive democracy’ of the state and national governments under the Articles of Confederation
Bicameralism: the division of a legislative assembly into two chambers, or houses
The Legislative Branch:
The House of Representatives: elected by the people; 2 year terms
Has the sole power to originate revenue bills
Designed to be directly responsible to the people, to encourage popular consent for the new Constitution,
and to help enhance the power of the new government
Senate: appointed by state legislatures; 6 year terms
Has the power to ratify treaties and approve presidential appointments
Serves as a check to the House of Representatives to guard against “excessive democracy”
Expressed power: the notion that the Constitution grants to the federal government only those powers
specifically named in its text GOV 310L 01/15/2014
Necessary and proper clause: Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution, which enumerates the
powers of Congress and provides Congress with the authority to make all laws “necessary and proper” to
carry them out; also referred to as the elastic clause
The Executive Branch:
The President:
Given a measure of independence from the people and from the other branches of government, particularly
Congress
Power to accept ambassadors from other countries; power to “recognize” other countries
Power to negotiate treaties
Power to grant reprieves and pardons, except in cases of impeachment
Power to appoint major departmental personal, convene Congress in special session, and veto
congressional enactments
Serves as Commander and Chief
The Judicial Branch:
The Supreme Court:
Power to resolve any conflicts between federal and state laws
Right to determine whether a power was exclusive to the federal government, concurrent with the states, or
exclusive to the states
Jurisdiction over controversies between citizens of different states
Judges – lifetime appointments (president appoints the judges and the Senate approves the appointments)
Judicial review – the power of the courts to declare actions of the legislative and executive branches
invalid or unconstitutional; The Supreme Court asserted this powerMarbury v. Madison (1803)
Supremacy clause: a clause of Article VI of the Constitution that states that all laws passed by the
national government and all treaties are the supreme laws of the land and superior to all laws adopted by
any state or any subdivision
Amending the Constitution: requires a 2/3rds vote in Congress or by 3/4ths of the states; also can be
amended by a constitutional convention
Separation of Powers: the division of governmental power among several institutions that must
cooperate in decision making
Legislative Executive Judicial
Passes federal laws Enforces laws Reviews lowercourt decisions
Controls federal appropriations Serves as commander in chief of Decides constitutionality of laws
armed forces
Approves treaties and presidential Makes foreign treaties Decides cases involving disputes between
appointments states GOV 310L 01/15/2014
Regulates interstate commerce Proposes laws
Establishes lowercourt system Nominates Supreme Court
justices and federal court judges
Pardons those convicted in
federal court
Federalism: the system of government in which a constitution decides power between a central
government and regional governments
A step toward greater centralization of power; a system of two sovereigns—the states and the nation—with
the hope that competition between the two would be an effective limitation on the power of both
Bill of Rights: the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution, adopted in 1791. The Bill of Rights
ensures certain rights and liberties to the people
Checks and Balances: the mechanisms through which each branch of government is able to
participate in and influence the activities of the other branches
Federalists Antifederalists
Who were they? Property owners, creditors, Small farmers, frontiersmen,
merchants debtors, shopkeepers
What did they believe? Elites are best fit to govern and Government should be close to
“excessive democracy” is the people and the concentration
dangerous of power in the hands of the elites
is dangerous
What system of government did Strong national government; Retention of power by state
they favor? believed in “filtration” so that ongovernments and protection of
elites would obtain governmental individual rights
power
Who were their leaders? Alexander Hamilton, James Patrick Henry, George Mason,
Madison, George Washington Elbridge Gerry, George Clinton GOV 310L 01/15/2014
The Federalist Papers : written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay; defended the
principles of the Constitution and sought to dispel fears of a national authority
Federalists sought representatives who were trustees whereas Antifederalists sought delegates
Tyranny: oppressive government that employs the cruel and unjust use of power and authority
Antifederalists were concerned about an aristocratic tyranny
Federalists were concerned about a majority tyranny
Four methods of amendment are provided for in Article V (see page 62)
Constitution : “makeup or composition of a thing”
The purpose of the 10 amendments in the Bill of Rights was basically structural: to give each of the three
branches clearer and more restricted boundaries
The Bill of Rights: Analysis of its Provisions (p.6465)
Lecture Notes ~ January 27, 2014
The merchants initially wanted to stick with the “statusquo” but later they wanted an identity separate from
England
The Constitution is important because institutional arrangements endure; they build up authority and order
Provide for the institution of bargaining
Strengthened the national government via the states
Federalists v. Antifederalists: debate on whether or not the Constitution needed to be ratified
Listed what authority the United States of Government would have
Beard wrote an article stating that the founders were only interested in their own personal gain
He said that the elites wrote their own influence into power; therefore, it “wasn’t a revolution”
Montesquieu suggested that the most effective way to keep the government accountable was to put in
place checks and balances
He had the idea of a mixed regime – the different branches should represent the will of the people in
different ways:
The House most directly represents the will of the people;
The Senate represents the states
The Executive is elected through the electoral college (those numbers are determined by how many
representatives a state has in the Senate or H&R)
Inherent powers: the authority that the president has in our government; powers that have been acquired
through habit GOV 310L 01/15/2014 GOV 310L 01/15/2014
Chapter 3: Federalism and the Separation of Powers
Reading Notes
The greatest achievement of American politics was the fashioning of an effective constitutional structure of
political institutions
Two of America’s most important institutional features are federalisms and the separation of powers
Federalism seeks to limit government by dividing it into two levels, national and state, each with sufficient
independence to compete with the other, thereby restraining the power of both
Assigns agendasetting power, decisionmaking power, and veto powers to the federal government and to
each of the 50 states
The Separation of Powers seeks to limit the power of the national government by diving government against
itself—by giving the legislative, executive, and judicial branches separate functions, thus forcing them to
share power
Gives several federal institutions a degree of control over the agenda, the power to affect decisions, and the
ability to block the actions of others
Institutions established by authoritarian regimes are usually designed to concentrate power in the hands of
a small group of leaders who determine what will be considered, make the final decisions, and seek to
block the actions of others
Democratic institutions are designed to allow a variety of groups to participate in decision making and
provide a t least a measure of agenda and veto power to a number of actors
The framers feared that concentrating power in a small number of hands would threaten citizens’ liberties
CORE OF THE ANALYSIS:
Two of the most important institutional features of America’s government are federalism and the separation
of powers
Federalism assigns agendasetting, decisionmaking, and veto powers to the federal government and the
50 states
The apportionment of powers between the federal government and the states has shifted over time
The separation of powers delineates the authority of the executive, Congress, and the courts, giving each a
degree of control over the agenda, the power to affect decisions and the ability to block the actions of
others
Dispersion of benefits helps to overcome the separation of powers between the executive and legislative
branches
Federalism: the system of government in which a constitution divides power between a central
government and regional government
Sovereignty: supreme and independent political authority GOV 310L 01/15/2014
Expressed Powers: powers specifically granted to the federal government in the text of the
Constitution
Implied Powers: powers derived from the necessary and proper clause (Article 1, Section 8) of the
Constitution. Such powers are not specifically expressed but are implied through the expansive
interpretation of delegated powers
Necessary and Proper Clause: Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution, which enumerates the
powers of Congress and provides Congress with the authority to make all laws “necessary and proper” to
carry them out; also referred to as the elastic clause
The Tenth Amendment is also called the reserved powers amendment because it aims to reserve
powers to the states
Reserved Powers: powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, that are not
specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states; these powers are reserved to the
states
The most f
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