PSYC100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Dopamine Receptor, Striatum, Procedural Memory
PSYCH100 - FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Wk. 5 – Research Methods
Structure
CT (computerized tomography) scan, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
Picture if brain
Varying resolution
Non-invasive
EEG (electroencephalography)
Advantages:
Measures electrical activity
Analysis of stages of cognitive processing
Disadvantages
Poor spatial resolution
PET (positron emission tomography)
Tracks radioactive glucose
Advantages
Good spatial resolution
Disadvantages
Poor temporal resolution
Exposure to low levels of radioactivity
fMRI (functional MRI)
Changes in blood flow
Advantages
Good spatial resolution
Good Temporal resolution
No exposure to radioactivity
Disadvantages
Expensive
Correlation ≠ causation
DTI (diffusion tensor imaging)
Activity along axon pathways
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TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)
Magnetic fields temporarily stimulate or disrupt activity of neurons
Cannot penetrate deeply
Who Is Studied?
Individuals with cognitive deficit
Normal functioning in healthy individuals
Functioning in animals
Microelectrode recording
Lesions – surgically removing or damaging areas of the brain
Generalizability to humans?
Brain Anatomy
HIND BRAIN
Medulla oblongata
Where the brain meets the spinal cord
Controls vital functions
Blood pressure, breathing rate, heart rate
Rectuclar Formation
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Runs through hindbrain into midbrain
Attention and arousal
Pain perception
Locus Coeruleus
Attention
Abnormalities linked to depression, ADHD, PTSD and sleep disorders.
Pons
Sleep-wake cycle
Connects cerebellum
Cerebellum
Reflexes, co-ordinated movements
Memory of procedural related movements
Affected by alcohol
Cognitive processes
MIDBRAIN
Integrates sensory input with simple movements
Substantia Nigra
Smooth beginning of movement
Connects to striatum
Site of dopamine production
Parkinson Disease
FOREBRAIN
Thalamus
Relay and integration station for sensory information
Hypothalamus (hypo means below = below the thalamus)
Regulates hunger, thirst, sex drive
Direct link to endocrine system
Controls autonomic nervous system
Superchiasmatic nuclei (early bird vs night owl people)
Limbic System
Emotion, memory, motivation, learning
Amygdala (18% less in psychopaths = they have no emotions)
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Document Summary
Ct (computerized tomography) scan, mri (magnetic resonance imaging) Exposure to low levels of radioactivity fmri (functional mri) Magnetic fields temporarily stimulate or disrupt activity of neurons. Lesions surgically removing or damaging areas of the brain. Where the brain meets the spinal cord. Abnormalities linked to depression, adhd, ptsd and sleep disorders. Relay and integration station for sensory information. Hypothalamus (hypo means below = below the thalamus) Superchiasmatic nuclei (early bird vs night owl people) Amygdala (18% less in psychopaths = they have no emotions) Associating features of stimuli from different sense modalities. Damage remember existing memories but cant form new ones. Damage release (jerks or twitches) or block movements, change in posture. Four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal. Hemispatial neglect particularly right hemisphere damage (ignore left) Werenicke"s aphasia impairment in comprehension of speech and language. Contralateral left hemisphere receives info from and sends info to rights of body and vice versa. Lateralisation certain tasks are localized in one hemisphere.
