BIOL1008 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Blood Sugar, Endometrium, Pancreatic Islets

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Hormones

Chemical messengers that travel throughout the body coordinating complex

processes like growth, metabolism, and fertility

Internal communication is essential to body function

Many individual cells communicate so that we live as a well-integrated whole

Quality of a communication system depends on:

oProduction of the signal

oTransmission and modulation of the signal

oReceptor of the signal by the intended target cells (e.g. AIS)

Endocrine vs. Nervous System

Endocrine system: chemically controls the various functions of cells, tissues, and

organs through the secretion of hormones

Nervous system: the network of nerve cells and fibres which transmits nerve

impulses between parts of the body

Endocrine Both Nervous

- Anatomically

discontinuous-

hormones

released into

the

bloodstream by

endocrine cells

are carried to all

locations in the

body

- Major communication

systems in the body

- Integrate stimuli and

responses to changes in

external and internal

environment

- Are crucial to coordinate

the functions of highly

differentiated cells, tissues

and organs

- Exerts point-to-point control

through nerves

- Neurons transmit signals

along dedicated routes

connecting specific locations

in the body

- Similar to sending messages

by land-line telephone

- Nervous control is electrical

and fast

Hormones broadcast the message

Endocrine system broadcasts its hormonal messages to all cells by secretion into

blood or extracellular fluid

It requires a receiver to get the message- cells must bear a receptor for the hormone

being broadcast in order to respond

Non-continuous cells

Often work in low concentration

Principal functions of the endocrine system

Maintenance of the internal environment in the body (maintaining the optimum

biochemical environment)

Integration and regulation or growth and development

Control, maintenance and instigation of sexual reproduction, including

gametogenesis, coitus, fertilisation, foetal growth, development, and nourishment of

the newborn

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Every phase of reproductive activity and aspect of life depends on the production

and specific nature or these hormones and how active they are

Major sites of hormone production

Brain: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland

Throat: thyroid, parathyroid glands

Thymus: hormones important in immunity

Adrenal glands: in kidneys

Pancreas: pancreatic islets regulate

blood sugar levels

Gonads: ovaries in females and testes in

males

A cell is a target because it has a specific

receptor for the hormone

Most hormones circulate in blood,

thereby coming into contact with

essentially all other cells

A given hormone usually affects only a

limited number of cells, which are target

cells

A target cell responds to a hormone

because it bears receptors for the

hormone

Cells are only responsive to hormones if

they have receptors for those hormones

Types of receptors

Receptors for the water-soluble hormones are found on the surface of the target

cell, on the plasma membrane and are made of phosphor-bi-lipid

membranes

These types of receptors are coupled to other cellular systems

(second messengers) which mediate the action of the hormone

inside the target cell

Stages

1. A hormone binds to a receptor protein in the plasma

membrane

2. The receptor protein activates a signal-transduction

pathway in the cell

3. A series of relay molecules transmits the signal to a

protein that carries out the cell’s response

Receptors for the lipid soluble hormones reside in the nucleus

(and sometimes the cytoplasm) of the target cell and have a

quicker response rate

Because these hormones can diffuse through the lipid bilayer of

the plasma membrane, the receptors are located in the interior of the target cell

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Document Summary

Chemical messengers that travel throughout the body coordinating complex processes like growth, metabolism, and fertility. Many individual cells communicate so that we live as a well-integrated whole. Quality of a communication system depends on: production of the signal, transmission and modulation of the signal, receptor of the signal by the intended target cells (e. g. ais) Endocrine system: chemically controls the various functions of cells, tissues, and organs through the secretion of hormones. Nervous system: the network of nerve cells and fibres which transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body. Anatomically discontinuous- hormones released into the bloodstream by endocrine cells are carried to all locations in the body. Integrate stimuli and responses to changes in external and internal environment. Are crucial to coordinate the functions of highly differentiated cells, tissues and organs. Neurons transmit signals along dedicated routes connecting specific locations in the body. Endocrine system broadcasts its hormonal messages to all cells by secretion into blood or extracellular fluid.

Related Questions

1. Kidneys help to maintain a proper balance of _________ within the body.

Phosphorous

Chloride

Potassium

Calcium Phosphate

ions

All of the above

2. The nervous system has how many major categories?

3. Which major category of the nervous system contains both the Somatic and the Autonomic divisions?

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Neither of these

Both of these

4. Which organ or structure helps to control the master endocrine gland (pituitary gland)?

The pancreas

The thorax

Peyerâs patches

The hypothalamus

6. This tiny gland is located at the base of the brain and produces the hormone melanin.

Parathyroid

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Pineal

7. These glands are situated right above the kidneys. The hormones produced by these glands help us to cope with stress.

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Hypothalamus

Adrenals

8. The hormones necessary for the production of sperm are produced in the __________.

Kidneys

Testes

Ovaries

None of the above

9. The bloodstream assists the endocrine organs and structures by:

Removing hormones from the body

Delivering hormones to target cells

Delivering hormones to secretory cells

The bloodstream does not come into contact with endocrine structures or organs
10. The pancreas _____________.

Is a master gland that controls many other glands

Produces progesterone and oestrogen

Is a salivary gland

Regulates blood sugar, aid in digestion

11. The basic function of the endocrine system is ________ in nature.

Digestive

Reproductive

Hormonal

Proximal

13. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are experienced by many people during their lifetimes. Urinary tract infections can involve any bacterial infection of the urinary system structures; the kidneys, bladder, ureters, or urethra. They are caused by bacteria entering the body through the urethra and traveling upward into the body. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort when urinating to extreme pain and the loss of blood during urination. They occur more frequently in women than men, and are often treated by antibiotics in addition to home remedies, such as drinking more water and drinking cranberry juice.

Based on what you have learned about the cause of urinary tract infections, which of the following precautions would help to prevent reoccurring infections?

Taking pain medication when symptoms occur

Placing a hot pack on the abdomen when symptoms occur

Practicing good hygiene Exercising regularly

14. The nervous system is divided into two major divisions: the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. Those divisions have structures that can be classified as belonging to two different subdivisions: the Somatic and the Autonomic systems. The nervous system can be summarized as a complex system of interconnected nerves and special cells called neurons that are used to transmit information (by means of small electrical impulses). Use the information in the table below to help answer questions about the nervous system. Division Organs & Structures Functions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Nerves This is the bodyâs assessment and communication center. It analyzes the information received from the sensory neurons and responds. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Sensory Neurons Ganglia (clusters of neurons) Nerves that connect to one another and to the CNS The sensory neurons react to physical stimuli such as light, sound, heat, and pressure, and transmit that information to the CNS. Subdivisions Description Examples Somatic The Somatic system is comprised of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles of the body and sensory receptors in the skin. Reactions to physical stimuli like heat or light. Using your hand to touch Eating food Autonomic The Autonomic system largely involuntary. This system controls the unconscious functions of the body. Breathing Blood Pressure

Feeling overwhelmed or startled by exposure to very loud noises is likely a reaction to information collected by which subdivision of the nervous system:

Somatic

Autonomic

No answer text provided.

15. The thyroid gland is perhaps the most well-known member of the pancreatic system. Many adults are screened for thyroid problems during routine physical exams. This butterfly shaped gland is found at the base of the neck and releases hormones that affect the bodyâs metabolism (the way the body uses energy). The thyroidâs two main hormones are T3 and T4, and they affect many body functions, including: â¢ Breathing â¢ Heart rate â¢ Central and peripheral nervous systems â¢ Body weight â¢ Muscle strength â¢ Menstrual cycles â¢ Body temperature â¢ Cholesterol levels Two common disorders associated with the thyroid include hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Some of the symptoms associated with these disorders are listed in the table below. Hyperthyroidism (Too many hormones released) Hypothyroidism (Too few hormones released) Anxiety Irritability or moodiness Nervousness, hyperactivity Sweating or sensitivity to high temperatures Hand trembling (shaking) Hair loss Missed or light menstrual periods Trouble sleeping Tiredness and fatigue Difficulty concentrating Dry skin and hair Depression Sensitivity to cold temperature Frequent, heavy periods Joint and muscle pain A patient complains of arthritis-like pain in the joints of her hands, but tests for arthritis come back negative. The doctor then suggests a thyroid function test. The doctor is most likely concerned about:

High levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

Low levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

No answer text provided.

No answer text provided

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BIOL1008 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Blood Sugar, Endometrium, Pancreatic Islets

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