EHR519 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Transient Ischemic Attack, Peripheral Artery Disease, Angina Pectoris
1. Week 1: CVD – Arterial Mechanisms (Part A)
Vascular Definitions and Glossary
Arteriosclerosis: hardening of the arteries – used generically to describe arterial wall thickening, stiffening and loss
of elasticity
Atherosclerosis: is a specific form of arteriosclerosis – in Greek, “athere” means gruel, and “skleros” means hard
Atheroma: accumulation of degenerative material in arterial wall
Atheromatous: a sebaceous cyst – termed as a plaque or lesion depending upon the stage of development
Thrombus: blood clot that forms in a vessel (stationed at a site)
Embolus: blood clot that travels from a site of formation (dynamic)
Arteriosclerosis: presents in three general patterns
1. Atherosclerosis: accounts for 99% of arteriosclerosis
Characterized by intimal lesions called atheromas that protrude into the vessel lumen and may
restrict flow by occlusion or rupture and cause blockage
2. Monckenberg medical calcific sclerosis: 1% of arteriosclerosis
Calcific deposits in muscular arteries; metaplastic change into bone; not normally clinically
significant due to lack of vessel lumen encroachment
3. Arteriosclerosis: diabetes and/or hypertension insult small arteries and arterioles
Similar yet distinct to atherosclerosis which also is hastened by diabetes and hypertension
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Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and CVD Types
Atherosclerosis underlies three major types of cardiovascular disease, including:
1. Coronary artery disease (CAD) or ischaemic heart disease (IHD)
Clinically ranges in severity from mild angina pectoris to myocardial ischemia to myocardial
infarction (public term these as “heart attacks” or “coronary’s”)
2. Cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
Clinically manifests as carotid artery disease, cerebral artery disease (circle of Willis) – may
present as a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) from occlusion or cerebrovascular rupture (often
termed brain bleed)
3. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
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Clinically manifests as occlusive arterial disease in micro-circulation of peripheral regions, usually
the limbs, most commonly the legs – symptomology includes claudication, poor circulation,
neuropathy
From normal Calcified plaque: it may be possible to reverse/regress the disease
From Calcified plaque Obstructive: Not reversible/prone to rupture
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Document Summary
Week 1: cvd arterial mechanisms (part a) Arteriosclerosis: hardening of the arteries used generically to describe arterial wall thickening, stiffening and loss of elasticity. Atherosclerosis: is a specific form of arteriosclerosis in greek, athere means gruel, and skleros means hard. Atheroma: accumulation of degenerative material in arterial wall. Atheromatous: a sebaceous cyst termed as a plaque or lesion depending upon the stage of development. Thrombus: blood clot that forms in a vessel (stationed at a site) Embolus: blood clot that travels from a site of formation (dynamic) Arteriosclerosis: presents in three general patterns: atherosclerosis: accounts for 99% of arteriosclerosis. Characterized by intimal lesions called atheromas that protrude into the vessel lumen and may restrict flow by occlusion or rupture and cause blockage: monckenberg medical calcific sclerosis: 1% of arteriosclerosis. Calcific deposits in muscular arteries; metaplastic change into bone; not normally clinically significant due to lack of vessel lumen encroachment: arteriosclerosis: diabetes and/or hypertension insult small arteries and arterioles.
