HUMB1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Camillo Golgi, Golgi Apparatus, Lipid Bilayer

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12 Jun 2018

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The Cell and its Organelles

The Cell

• Structural and functional unit of all living things, include humans

Functional Characteristics of Cells

1) Cell metabolism and energy use

2) Synthesis of molecules

3) Communication

4) Reproduction and inheritance

Human Cell

Plasma Membrane

❖ Also known as the cell membrane

Function:

❖ Encloses and supports cellular contents

❖ Controls what goes into the cell and what comes out

❖ Role in inter-cellular (cell-to-cell) communication

Structure:

❖ Lipid bilayer (phospholipidsbilayer and cholesterol) (45-50%)

❖ Provides flexibilityto the cell

❖ Carbohydrates (4-8%)

❖ Proteins (45-50%)

Structure:

❖ Glycocalyx (outer surface of cell membrane)

o Glycoproteins (carbohydrates and proteins)

o Glycolipids (carbohydrates and lipids)

o Carbohydrates

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Cytoplasm

❖ Cellular fluid material outside the nucleus but within the boundaries of the plasma

membrane

o Orgaelles little orgas

o Cytosol

Cytosol

❖ Fluid portion of the cytoplasm (ions and proteins in water)

o Cytoplasmic inclusions –aggregates of chemicals

o Cytoskeleton –supports the cell and its organelles. Responsible for changes to the

shape of the cell and movement of its organelles

Cytoskeleton

❖ Supports the cell and its organelles. Responsible for changes to the shape of the cell and

movement of its organelles

o Microtubules

o Microfilaments

o Intermediate filaments

Nucleus

Function:

❖ Cotrol etre of the ell

❖ Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the nucleus determines the structural and functional

characteristics of the cell

Structure:

❖ Nuclear envelope -a bilayer membrane surrounding the nucleus envelope. Porous

❖ Nucleoplasm

❖ Nucleolus – primarily produces ribosomes

Ribosomes

Function:

❖ Sites of protein synthesis

❖ Nucleolus, nucleus and cytoplasm

Structure:

❖ Composed of 2 subunits: large and small

❖ Free ribosomes and membrane-bound ribosomes

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

Structure:

❖ Fattened, interconnecting sacs and tubules

❖ Rough endoplasmic reticulum –with ribosomes

❖ Smooth ER –without ribosomes

Function:

❖ Rough endoplasmic reticulum

❖ Synthesis and modification of proteins

❖ Smooth ER

❖ Site of lipid, steroid and carbohydrate synthesis

❖ Detoxification of harmful substances (e.g. drugs)

❖ Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Golgi Apparatus

❖ Golgi spelt ith a apital G 1, Caillo Golgi

Structure:

❖ Flattened membranous sacs, with cisternae

❖ Secretory vesicles

Function:

❖ Traffi diretor for ellular proteis

❖ Modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids that are made in the rough

endoplasmic reticulum

Lysosomes

Structure:

❖ Membrane-bound vesicles that form at the Golgi apparatus

❖ Contain enzymes within them

Function:

❖ Cells deolitio re

❖ Digestion of molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, etc) that are no longer

needed by the cell

Mitochondria

Structure:

❖ Outer membrane

❖ Intermembrane space

❖ Inner membrane

❖ Matrix

❖ Change shape continuously

❖ Has its own genetic material → reproduce itself

Function:

❖ Poer plats of a ell

❖ ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production and supply

❖ ATP is the unit of currency for energy

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Document Summary

The cell: structural and functional unit of all living things, include humans. Functional characteristics of cells: cell metabolism and energy use, synthesis of molecules, communication, reproduction and inheritance. Controls what goes into the cell and what comes out. Glycocalyx (outer surface of cell membrane: glycoproteins (carbohydrates and proteins, glycolipids (carbohydrates and lipids, carbohydrates. Cellular fluid material outside the nucleus but within the boundaries of the plasma membrane: orga(cid:374)elles (cid:894)(cid:862)little orga(cid:374)s(cid:863)(cid:895, cytosol. Fluid portion of the cytoplasm (ions and proteins in water: cytoplasmic inclusions aggregates of chemicals, cytoskeleton supports the cell and its organelles. Responsible for changes to the shape of the cell and movement of its organelles. Responsible for changes to the shape of the cell and movement of its organelles: microtubules, microfilaments. Deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) in the nucleus determines the structural and functional characteristics of the cell. Nuclear envelope -a bilayer membrane surrounding the nucleus envelope. Composed of 2 subunits: large and small.

Related Questions

Question 1

Which of the following provides the best description of adifference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?.l.14.3>

The cell membrane of prokaryotic cells contains proteins, whilethe cell membrane of eukaryotic cells contains only lipids andcarbohydrates.

The DNA in eukaryotic cells is enclosed in the nucleus, whilethe DNA in prokaryotic cells is not separated from the rest of thecellÃ¢â¬â¢s contents.

Eukaryotic cells have cell walls that consist mainly of sugars,while prokaryotic cells do not.

Prokaryotic cells contain chloroplasts and mitochondria, whileeukaryotic cells do not contain specialized organelles.

Question 2

Cellular respiration is a process involving the breakdown ofglucose molecules in order to generate energy for cellularactivities. Given the general reaction below, which of thefollowing best describes the products labeled x andy?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ Ã¢â â _x___+ __y___ + energy.l.18.8>

The products are CO (carbon monoxide) andH₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide), which thendecompose into carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water(H₂O).

The products are H2O (water) and CO₂ (carbondioxide), which then undergo anaerobic respiration.

The products are CO₂ (carbon dioxide) andH₂O (water), which then become the reactants forphotosynthesis.

The products are O₂ (oxygen) and H₂O(water), which are then used for growth and to keep the organismhydrated.

Question 3

If a researcher added a quantity of phospholipid molecules to abeaker of water, what would be most likely to happen to theorientation of the phospholipid molecules?.l.14.2>

They would break apart, and the remaining lipid tails wouldfloat up and form a layer on the surface of the water.

Their lipid tails would align within a spherical double layerwith their phosphate heads in the water inside and outside thesphere.

They would form a single-layered sphere with the phosphate headspointing outward and the lipid tails pointing inward.

Their lipid tails would adhere to the glass of the beaker andtheir phosphate heads would float in the water.

Question 4

While looking at a cell under a microscope, a scientist is ableto see a biological molecule. This molecule is a nucleic acid witha ladder structure and contains the nitrogenous bases adenine,thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Based on this information, whatconclusion can the scientist draw regarding this nucleicacid?.l.18.1>

The nucleic acid is RNA and would be found in the cellÃ¢â¬â¢snucleus.

The nucleic acid is RNA and would be found in the cytoplasm.

The nucleic acid is DNA and would be found in the cytoplasm.

The nucleic acid is DNA and would be found in the cellÃ¢â¬â¢snucleus.

Question 5

Which of the following is needed for cellular respiration tooccur?.l.18.8>

Sodium

Oxygen

Water

Nitrogen

Question 6

What would be the most likely effect if the side chain of an aminoacid group was unable to vary its structure?.l.18.4>

The organism would not be able to make and store starches.

The organism would not be able to process glucose moleculeseffectively.

The organism would not be able to regulate the creation ofspecialized cells.

The organism would not be able to make more than one type ofprotein.

Question 7

During photosynthesis, unused oxygen atoms form oxygen gas(O₂) which is released as a waste product. How did theseoxygen atoms originally enter the plant?.l.18.7>

They were part of the ATP molecules gathered by thechloroplasts.

They were part of the sugar molecules(C₆H₁₂O₆) the plant brought in forfood.

They were part of the carbon dioxide (CO₂) moleculesthat entered through the leaves.

They were part of the water molecules (H₂O) pulled inthrough the roots.

Question 8

Which of the following organelles houses DNA in eukaryoticcells?.l.14.3>

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Nucleus

Mitochondrium

Question 9

M. J. Schleiden shifted the scientific community's attention tocellular processes with his.l.14.1>

attention to disproving spontaneous generation

publication of ideas on cell generation

theories on the division of cells

claim that cells were the basic unit of all plant matter

Question 10

While the average human is able to hold his or her breath forapproximately one minute, a whale can dive for over 30 minuteswithout returning to the surface. Which of the following correctlydescribes this difference?.l.18.10>

Whales need less energy than humans.

Whales gather energy from their environment better thanhumans.

Whales are able to tolerate the products of cellular respirationbetter than humans.

Whales have a slower cellular respiration metabolism rate thanhumans.

Question 11

What can you conclude about the advantage of the cell membranehaving hydrophobic ends in the phospholipid bilayer?.l.18.3>

The cell requires the ability to digest and eliminateenzymes.

The cell requires a barrier between itself and itsenvironment.

The cell requires a means to store starches and glucose.

The cell requires a structure for eliminating waste.

Question 12

What would be the most likely outcome if the ribosomes of a cellwere damaged and stopped functioning?.l.14.3>

The cell would lose structure and shape.

Cell growth and repair would slow or stop.

Cell waste would no longer be processed.

The cell would produce more mitochondria.

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HUMB1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Camillo Golgi, Golgi Apparatus, Lipid Bilayer

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