HUMB1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Arachnoid Mater, Medulla Oblongata, Dura Mater

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12 Jun 2018

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The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

Spinal Cord

❖ Extends from the foramen magnum to the first or second lumbar vertebrae

❖ Can be divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions

❖ 31 pairs of spinal nerves

Meninges

❖ the connective tissue covering the spinal cord and brain

❖ Functions:

o Protects the central nervous system and its blood vessels

o Contains the cerebrospinal fluid

o Forms partitions in the skull

❖ Dura mater

o Subdural space

▪ Serous fluid

❖ Arachnoid mater

o Subararachnoid space

▪ Cerebrospinal and blood vessels

❖ Pia mater

o Has many small blood vessels

Organisation of neurons in the spinal cord and spinal nerves

❖ Sensory neurons travel through the dorsal roots

❖ Motor neurons (somatic and autonomic) neurons travel through the ventral roots

❖ Spinal nerves contain sensory neurons and motor (somatic and autonomic) neurons

❖ Cell bodies of motor neurons are in horns of grey matter

o Somatic motor neuron cell bodies in anterior (ventral) horn (motor horn)

o Autonomic motor neuron cell bodies in lateral horn

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Nerve Structure

❖ Endoneurium

o Surrounds each axon and its associated Schwann cells

❖ Perineurium

o Surrounds a group of axons or a nerve fascicle

❖ Epineurium

o Surrounds a group of fascicles

Organisation of spinal nerves

Spinal Nerves

Vertebral Bones

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral

Coccygeal

Where do sensory and motor nerve roots enter and leave the spinal cord?

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The Brain and Cranial Nerves

The Brain

• Forebrain

o Cerebrum

o Diencephalon

• Midbrain

• Hindbrain

o Pons

o Medulla oblongata

o Cerebellum

Medulla Oblongata

❖ Autonomic reflex centre maintaining body homeostasis

❖ Cardiovascular centre

o Regulates heart rate, force of heart contraction and blood vessel diameter

❖ Respiratory centre

o Regulates rate and depth of breathing

❖ Other reflexes

o Swallowing, vomiting, hiccupping, coughing and sneezing

Pons

❖ Pons = bridge

❖ Contains conduction tracts:

o Longitudinal tracts from the spinal cord to higher brain centres

o Transverse tracts form the cerebrum (motor cortex) and cerebellum

❖ Sleep centre

o Rapid eye movement

❖ Respiratory centre

Midbrain

❖ Receives visual, auditory and tactile sensory input generating reflex movements of

the head, eyes and body

❖ Controlling movement of the eye

Cerebellum

❖ Cerebellum = little brain

❖ Controls locomotion, in association with the cerebrum

❖ Controls fine motor control

❖ Controls posture and balance

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Document Summary

Extends from the foramen magnum to the first or second lumbar vertebrae. Can be divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions. The connective tissue covering the spinal cord and brain. Functions: protects the central nervous system and its blood vessels, contains the cerebrospinal fluid, forms partitions in the skull. Dura mater: subdural space, serous fluid. Arachnoid mater: subararachnoid space, cerebrospinal and blood vessels. Pia mater: has many small blood vessels. Organisation of neurons in the spinal cord and spinal nerves. Sensory neurons travel through the dorsal roots. Motor neurons (somatic and autonomic) neurons travel through the ventral roots. Spinal nerves contain sensory neurons and motor (somatic and autonomic) neurons. Cell bodies of motor neurons are in horns of grey matter: somatic motor neuron cell bodies in anterior (ventral) horn (motor horn, autonomic motor neuron cell bodies in lateral horn. Endoneurium: surrounds each axon and its associated schwann cells. Perineurium: surrounds a group of axons or a nerve fascicle.

Related Questions

#1 Visceral sensory information enters the CNS on afferent fibers within

A) dorsal roots S_2 to S_4.

B) dorsal roots T_1 to L_2.

C) cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X.

D) both B and C

E) A, B, and C

#2 Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?

A) support

B) memory

C) phagocytosis

D) secretion of cerebrospinal fluid

E) maintenance of blood-brain barrier

#3 Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower

body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of

her cord is likely to be compressed?

A) the anterior gray commissures

B) the anterior white commissures

C) the anterior gray horns

D) ascending tracts

E) descending tracts

#4 The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates:

A) skeletal muscle cells

B) glandular cells

C) smoothmusdecells

D) heart muscle cells

E) all of the above

#5 Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the

A) pia mater.

B) dura mater.

C) filum terminale.

D) arachnoid mater.

E) subarachnoid space.

#6 A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of

tongue movement.which cranial nerve is affected?

A) glossopharyngeal

B) vagus

C) spinal accessory

D) hypoglossal

E) trigeminal

#7 Parkinson disease is the result of

A) inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons.

B) inadequate production of GABA by neurons in the basal nuclei.

C) weak response of the red nuclei of the mesencephalon.

D) decreased levels of acetylcholine from neurons in the substantia nigra.

E) hyperactivity of the limbic system.

#8 Based on the motor homunculus, which of the followingbody regions has the largest motor units?

A) larynx B) hands C) tongue D) face E) back

#9 If the corpus callosum is surgically cu!

A) conscious decisions are made without regard to sensations from the left side.

B) objects toudred by the left hand can be recognized but not verbally identified.

C) symptoms of the "disconnection syndrome" appear.

D) the two cerebral hemispheres operate independently.

E) all of the above

#10 The flexor reflex

A) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

B) is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.

C) prevents a musde from generating damaging tension.

D) usually depends on cranial neurons.

E) prevents a muscle from overstretching.

#11 The subdural space lies between

A) the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

B) the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

C) the endosteum and the periosteum.

D) the pia mater and the dura mater.

E) the pia mater and the subarachnoid space.

#12 _____ is a condition resulting from an inflammation of a facial nerve.

A) Cerebral palsy

B) Addison disease

C) Bell palsy

D) any of the

#12 Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called

A) microglia.

B) neurofilaments.

C) neurofibrils.

D) Nisslbodies.

E) perikaryon.

#1 Visceral sensory information enters the CNIS on afferent fibers within

A) dorsal roots 52 to 54.

B) dorsal roots T1 to L2.

C) cranial nerves V VIL DC and X.

D) bothB and C

E) a, n, and C

#2 Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?

A) support

B) memory

C) phagocytosis

D) secretion of cerebrospinal fluid

E) maintenance of blood-brain barrier

#3 Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower

body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of

her cord is likely to be compressed?

A) the anterior gray commissures

B) the anterior white commissures

C) the anterior gray horns

D) ascending tracts

E) descending tracts

#4 The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates:

A) skeletal muscle cells

B) glandular cells

C) smoothmusdecells

D) heart muscle cells

E) all of the above

#5 Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the

A) pia mater.

B) dura mater.

C) filum terminale.

D) arachnoid mater.

E) subarachnoid space.

#6 A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of

tongue movement. IA/hich cranial nerve is affected?

A) glossopharyngeal

B) vagus

C) spinai accessory

D) hypoglossal

#7 Parkinson disease is the result of

A) inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons.

B) inadequate production of GABA by neurons in the basal nuclei.

C) weak response of the red nuclei of the mesencephalon.

D) decreased levels of acetylcholine from neurons in the substantia nigra.

E) hyperactivity of the limbic system.

#8 Based on the motor homunculus, which of the followingbody regions has the largest motor units?

A) larynx B) hands C) tongue D) face E) back

#9 If the corpus callosum is surgically cu!

A) conscious decisions are made without regard to sensations from the left side.

B) objects toudred by the left hand can be recognized but not verbally identified.

C) symptoms of the "disconnection syndrome" appear.

D) the two cerebral hemispheres operate independently.

E) all of the above

#10 The flexor reflex

A) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

B) is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.

C) prevents a musde from generating damaging tension.

D) usually depends on cranial neurons.

E) prevents a muscle from overstretching.

#11 The subdural space lies between

A) the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

B) the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

C) the endosteum and the periosteum.

D) the pia mater and the dura mater.

E) the pia mater and the subarachnoid space.

#12 _____ is a condition resulting from an inflammation of a facial nerve.

A) Cerebral palsy

B) Addison disease

C) Bell palsy

D) any of the

#12 Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called

A) microglia.

B) neurofilaments.

C) neurofibrils.

D) Nisslbodies.

E) perikaryon.

HUMB1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Arachnoid Mater, Medulla Oblongata, Dura Mater

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