Log in
HomeClass Notes1,200,000AU40,000

HUMB1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Esophagus, Large Intestine, Vitamin K

25 views36 pages
School
Curtin University
Department
Human Biology
Course
HUMB1000
Professor
Ajanthy Arulpragasam

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Ingestion: introduction of food into stomach (via mouth)
1.
Mastication: chewing. Chemical digestion requires large surface area so
breaking down large particles mechanically facilitates chemical digestion
2.
Secretion: lubricate, liquefy, digest (e.g. Mucus: secreted along entire
digestive tract, lubricates food, coats and protects lining)
3.
Digestion: Mechanical and chemical digestion of food into nutrients
4.
Absorption: Movement of nutrients out of digestive tract into cells
5.
Elimination: Waste products removed from body; faeces. Defecation
6.
Mouth
Chew food and turn into bolus (mechanical digestion)
Salivary amylase (some chemical digestion)
Transport of bolus to stomach
Stomach
Mechanical digestion —food churned
Chemical digestion - protein digestion (pepsin)
Fluid leaving stomach called chyme
Small Intestine
Chemical digestion of carbs, proteins and lipids by pancreatic enzymes.
Absorption of small molecules into body through wall of Gl tract
Large intestine
Absorption of water, vitamin B and K synthesis (bacteria)
Function of the Digestive System
Sunday, 25 February 2018
1:04 PM
Digestive Page 1
Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 36 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in
Mucosa: innermost layer, secrets mucus.
1.
Submucosa: connective tissue layer, contains blood vessels,
nerves etc.
2.
Muscularis: 2/3 muscle layers, movement & secretion.
3.
Serosa / Adventitia: outermost layer, connective tissue, stability.
4.
Oblique layer: found in the stomach, that assists with the
mechanical digestion (churning) of food.
5.
One large tube from mouth to anus plus the accessory organs.
Layers of Digestive Tract
Sunday, 11 March 2018
12:33 PM
Digestive Page 2
Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 36 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in
The walls & organs of the abdominal cavity are
lined with serous membranes.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that forms
the lining of the abdominal cavity- all except the
kidneys and adrenal glands.
Visceral peritoneum: Covers organs
➢
Parietal peritoneum: Covers anterior surface of
body wall
➢
Greater omentum: connects stomach to
transverse colon
○
Lesser omentum: connects stomach to
liver & diaphragm
○
Mesenteries: peritoneum (epithelial tissue)
which connects organs together. Routes by
which vessels and nerves pass from body wall
to organs.
➢
Omentum:
A fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with
other abdominal organs.
Peritoneum
Sunday, 11 March 2018
12:33 PM
Digestive Page 3
Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 36 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Document Summary

Ingestion: introduction of food into stomach (via mouth) Chemical digestion requires large surface area so breaking down large particles mechanically facilitates chemical digestion. Secretion: lubricate, liquefy, digest (e. g. mucus: secreted along entire digestive tract, lubricates food, coats and protects lining) Digestion: mechanical and chemical digestion of food into nutrients. Absorption: movement of nutrients out of digestive tract into cells. Chew food and turn into bolus (mechanical digestion) Small intestine chemical digestion of carbs, proteins and lipids by pancreatic enzymes. Absorption of small molecules into body through wall of gl tract. Large intestine absorption of water, vitamin b and k synthesis (bacteria) One large tube from mouth to anus plus the accessory organs. Submucosa: connective tissue layer, contains blood vessels, nerves etc. Serosa / adventitia: outermost layer, connective tissue, stability. Oblique layer: found in the stomach, that assists with the mechanical digestion (churning) of food. The walls & organs of the abdominal cavity are lined with serous membranes.

Get access

Grade+20% off
$8 USD/m$10 USD/m
Billed $96 USD annually
Grade+
Homework Help
Study Guides
Textbook Solutions
Class Notes
Textbook Notes
Booster Class
40 Verified Answers
Class+
$8 USD/m
Billed $96 USD annually
Class+
Homework Help
Study Guides
Textbook Solutions
Class Notes
Textbook Notes
Booster Class
30 Verified Answers

Related Documents

HUMB1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Salivary Gland, Anal Canal, Mouth
lilacmule440
HUMB1000
Final Exam
Study Guide
HUMB1000 Study Guide - Final Guide: Stratified Squamous Epithelium, Lesser Omentum, Epithelium
tealminnow552
HUMB1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Duodenum, Ileum, Portal Vein
peachcrab896

Related Questions

Food that we consume is composed of very complex molecules. During the digestive process these compounds are broken down into smaller and smaller subunits in preparation for use by the body as building blocks needed for the many components of the human body.

The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tso’s Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, “moves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take place” (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, “It produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the body” (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tso’s contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chicken’s proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tso’s is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum.

1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

Food that we consume is composed of very complex molecules. During the digestive process these compounds are broken down into smaller and smaller subunits in preparation for use by the body as building blocks needed for the many components of the human body. The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tso’s Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, “moves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take place” (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, “It produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the body” (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tso’s contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chicken’s proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tso’s is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum. 1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.