HUMB1001 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: External Intercostal Muscles, Breathing, Pulmonary Pleurae
Pulmonary Ventilation
How do we move air in and out of our lungs?
How do we breathe?
• Puloar etilatio is ahieed through appliatio of Boles La; hih
describes the relationship of pressure & volume:
To move air into the lungs (inhale):
• Decrease pressure in the lungs by contracting the muscles of inspiration
• This increases the volume of the lungs
• Sets up a pressure gradient and air flows into lungs to equilibrate
To move air out from the lungs (exhale):
• Increase pressure in the lungs by contracting the muscles of expiration
• This decreases the volume of the lungs
• Sets up a pressure gradient and air flows out of lungs
• Partial pressures of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level; in the lungs; in the
pulmonary veins and in the pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary Ventilation
• The lungs are located inside the thoracic cavity and held
open by the expanding ribcage
• They rely on the muscles of the chest wall: intercostal
and diaphragm to expand and contract
• The lungs are held fast against the chest wall b their
covering membranes, the pleura
How is chest wall expansion transmitted to the lungs?
• Parietal pleura lines the interior of the thoracic cavity
• Visceral pleura lines the exterior of the lungs
• Potential space between the pleural contains pleural fluid
• It provides frictionless environment with cohesive forces
sticking the two together
• Any expansion of the parietal pleura is seamlessly
transmitted to the visceral pleura, and therefore the lungs
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Normal (quiet) Inspiration
• Diaphragm contracts & ribs are lifted by the external intercostal muscles
• Intrapulmonary pressure falls and 0.5litres of air
Dimensions of the Chest Cavity
• Inhalation requires muscular activity & chest size
changes
• Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome
and increases the vertical dimensions of the chest
• External intercostal muscles move the ribs
upwards & outwards
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Normal (quiet) Expiration
• Passive process with no muscle action
• Lungs return to their original size
• Caused by elastic recoil & surface tension forces in alveoli
• Alveolar pressure increases & air is pushed out
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
How do we breathe: pul(cid:373)o(cid:374)ar(cid:455) (cid:448)e(cid:374)tilatio(cid:374) is a(cid:272)hie(cid:448)ed through appli(cid:272)atio(cid:374) of bo(cid:455)les(cid:859) la(cid:449); (cid:449)hi(cid:272)h describes the relationship of pressure & volume: To move air into the lungs (inhale): decrease pressure in the lungs by contracting the muscles of inspiration, this increases the volume of the lungs, sets up a pressure gradient and air flows into lungs to equilibrate. To move air out from the lungs (exhale): How is chest wall expansion transmitted to the lungs: parietal pleura lines the interior of the thoracic cavity, visceral pleura lines the exterior of the lungs, potential space between the pleural contains pleural fluid. It provides frictionless environment with cohesive forces sticking the two together: any expansion of the parietal pleura is seamlessly transmitted to the visceral pleura, and therefore the lungs. Inhalation requires muscular activity & chest size changes: contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome and increases the vertical dimensions of the chest, external intercostal muscles move the ribs upwards & outwards.