BIOL3711 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Dioecy, Carboniferous, Amborella

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apricotseal718

26 Jun 2018

School

Flinders University

Department

BIOD Biodiversity and Conservation

Course

BIOL3711

Professor

Molly Whalen

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Seed Plants

General

HETEROSPORY

Production of pollen grains

Production of ovules

oOvule contains MEGASPORANGIUM called a nucellus and integument

Megasporangium – female gametophytes  egg  plant

oOvary of seed plant

oContains female germ cell

oAfter fertilization – becomes the seed

Retention of female gametophyte within the ovule

No antheridia (male sex gametes)

Seed:

oSeed coat

oEmbryo

oFood supply

Classification

Gymnosperms (ovules [seeds] exposed on surface of cone scales)

oConiferophyta (conifers)

oCyadophyta (cyads)

oGinkgophyta (ginkgoes)

oGnetophyta (gnetophytes)

Angiosperms (enclosed ovule [seed] and FLOWERING plants)

oAnthophyta (flowering plants)

Gymnosperms

Sperm and egg

Ovules NOT enclosed in carpels

Pollination:

oTransfer of pollen grain to ovule

Fertilization:

oUnion of sperm and egg  zygote

Gymnosperms:

oProduce pollen tubes

oProduce archegonia (female sex organ)

Seed:

oEmbryo, seed coat, stored food (female gametophyte)

Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers)

Pine wood

Around 70 genera and 630 species

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Carboniferous  carbon bearing

Includes:

oPines, firs and spruces

oKauri pines, araucarias, cypress pines

Simple leaves (undivided)

oMost needle-like or scale-like

Trees or shrubs

Pollen cones and seed cones

Phylum Cyadophyta (cyads)

Around 11 genera and 300 species

Tropical and subtropical

Permian

Unbranched to sparsely branched tree trunks

Compound leaves (segmented)

Persistent leaf bases

Pollen cones and ovulate cones

DIOECIOUS

oPollen and ovulate cones on SEPARATE plants

oFemale and male on separate plants

Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgoes)

ONE living species

Tree with fan-shaped leaves

Dioecious

oFemale and male on separate plants

Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes)

3 genera, 75 species

Ephedra, Gnetum, Welwitschia

Gnetum and Welwischia

oLack archegonia (female sex organ)

Angiosperms

General

FLOWERING plants

oPhylum  anthophyta

Around 250,000 species

HETEROSPORY

oProduction of spores of two different sizes and sexes by the

sporophyte

oSmaller spore, male = MICROSPORE

oLarger, female = MEGASPORE

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Diverse vegetatively and include:

oHerbs, trees, shrubs, vines and epiphytes

True leaves, stems and roots and specialized conducting tissue

Flowers and fruits

Alternation of Generations

oSporophyte (diploid generation) and gametophyte (haploid generation)

present in life cycle

oAlternation of generations with SPOROPHYTE dominant

No antheridia or archegonia – sex organs

Production of:

oPollen grains

Pollination:

Transfer of pollen grains from anther  stigma

oOvules

Enclosed in carpels

Ovule contains a mesgasporangium called a nucellus and

integument

Megasporangium:

Female sporangia

Nucellus

Integument(s)

Tough protective outer layer

Sperm non-flagellated

Double fertilization – ENDOSPERM

Embryo sac (female gametophyte)

Retention of female gametophyte within the ovule

Seed:

oSeed coat, embryo, food supply

Angiosperm Life Cycle

Pollination:

oTransfer of pollen from anther  stigma

Ovules enclosed in carpels

Megaspore  female gametophyte (embryo sac)

Embryo sac  commonly 7 cells and 8 nuclei

oIncluding egg and central cell with 2 polar nuclei

Pollen grain germinates on stigma  produces pollen tube

Double fertilization

o1 sperm unites with egg  zygote

o1 sperm unites with polar nuclei  primary endosperm nucleus

oPrimary endosperm nucleus  endosperm

Zygote  embryo

Integument  seed coat

Ovary  fruit

Flower Parts

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Document Summary

Production of ovules: ovule contains megasporangium called a nucellus and integument. Megasporangium female gametophytes (cid:0) egg (cid:0) plant: ovary of seed plant, contains female germ cell, after fertilization becomes the seed. Seed: seed coat, embryo, food supply. Gymnosperms (ovules [seeds] exposed on surface of cone scales: coniferophyta (conifers, cyadophyta (cyads, ginkgophyta (ginkgoes, gnetophyta (gnetophytes) Angiosperms (enclosed ovule [seed] and flowering plants: anthophyta (flowering plants) Pollination: transfer of pollen grain to ovule. Fertilization: union of sperm and egg (cid:0) zygote. Gymnosperms: produce pollen tubes, produce archegonia (female sex organ) Seed: embryo, seed coat, stored food (female gametophyte) Includes: pines, firs and spruces, kauri pines, araucarias, cypress pines. Simple leaves (undivided: most needle-like or scale-like. Dioecious: pollen and ovulate cones on separate plants, female and male on separate plants. Dioecious: female and male on separate plants. Gnetum and welwischia: lack archegonia (female sex organ)

Related Questions

1. A plant the lacks petals and has well-developed anthers ismost likely

pollinated by fruit-eatingmammals.

pollinated by bees.

pollinated by birds.

pollinated by wind.

2. SELECT EACH TYPE of tissue that may be found in a maturefruit or seed. Can be more than one

Diploid sporophyte tissue from theprevious generation

Triploid endosperm

Diploid embryonic tissue

Haploid sperm cells

Tissue from the female gametophyte

3. Based on the outcome for plants, a monkey eating a banana isa

parasite.

pollinator.

disperser.

fertilizer.

4. Select all of the environmentswhere seeds would be an advantage over spores. Can be more thanone

Deserts

Areas with unpredictablerainfall

Wet humid swamps

Open habitats with sparsevegetation

Under a dense forest canopy

5. Select all the advantages that seeds have over spores.

Seeds have increased droughtresistance.

Long term dormancy ispossible.

Sexual reproduction is onlypossible with seeds.

Nutrition is packaged with theembryo.

Widespread dispersal is possible with a seed coat.

6. Nectar is a sugar-laden liquid that is very energeticallyexpensive to produce. Why do plants allocate resources to produceit instead of just producing more flowers?

Nectar serves as an enticement forinsects.

Nectar is sticky and traps windborne pollen.

Nectar provides nutrition to thedeveloping embryo.

Nectar provides energy during pollen tube formation.

7.The dried pericarp that forms the peanut shell provideevidence that peanuts are

legumes.

drupes.

samaras.

pomes.

8. All members of the Anthophyta have

nectaries.

animal pollinators.

scented flowers.

ovules enclosed in carpels.

fleshy fruits for dispersal.

9. Why is external water not essential for fertilization in seedplants?

Ovules are contained within thepollen.

Sperm cells are used to transportpollen to the archegonia.

Seed plants use pollen instead ofsperm for fertilization.

The sperm cells in seed plants arecapable of resisting desiccation.

Pollen grains are transported by wind or an animal.

10.Select the true statements concerning seeds. Can be more thanone

Seeds allow for dormancy untilfavorable conditions arise.

The fruit provides nutrition to thedeveloping embryo.

The ovule dries and forms the seedcoat.

The seed stores all of thenutrition and water the embryo needs to germinate.

Seeds can resist conditions thatwould kill a live plant.

Seeds are key to wide dispersal of offspring.

11. Select the true statements concerning sperm and pollen. Canbe more than one.

In seed plants the entire malegametophyte is dispersed.

The pollen fertilizes the egg.

The pollen tube facilitates thepollination of the ovule.

Pollen transports the cells thatform the sperm but only the sperm fertilizes the egg.

Unlike mosses and ferns water is not needed for fertilization inseed plants.

12.Check which of the following are correct regarding thebenefit of seeds. Can be more than one.

Seeds protect the young embryo byenclosing it in several layers of gametophyte tissue.

Seeds provide a source ofnourishment to the embryonic plant.

The integument forms a seed coatthat protects against desiccation.

Seeds provide a structure in whicha dormant embryo can avoid unfavorable growing conditions andgerminate when conditions improve.

Seeds are a means to transport offspring away from the parentalplant.

13. A fruit-bearing dioecious flower would have

a gynoecium.

neither an androecium nor agynoecium.

an androecium.

both an androecium and a gynoecium.

14. A researcher brings a sample of dry soil to the lab, wetsit, provides ample amounts of fertilizer, and places the soil in acontainer in a greenhouse. Which type of plant would be leastlikely to emerge?

	Corn
	Sunflower
	Liverwort
	Wheat
	Pine seedling

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BIOL3711 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Dioecy, Carboniferous, Amborella

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