PSYC10003 Lecture Notes - Lecture 29: Mnemonic, Endel Tulving, Otorhinolaryngology
12 Jun 2018
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Lecture 29, Thursday, 12 May 2016
PSYC10003 - MIND, BRAIN & BEHAVIOUR 1
LECTURE 29
WORKING MEMORY
MODELS OF HUMAN MEMORY
CRAIK AND LOCKHART LEVELS OF PROCESSING FRAMEWORK
•Craik & Lockhart (1972) challenged the multi-store model and the role of maintenance rehearsal
in transfer of info from STM to LTM.
•Their theory proposes that the level or depth at which we process info during
learning determines how well it is stored in
LTM.
‣Memories are best encoded, organised and
stored in LTM by meaning, ‘semantically’,
as processing that involves more
interaction with previously stored
knowledge increases the chance that the
info will be preserved.
•There is a continuum of levels of depth of
processing, ranging from deep to shallow.
‣Deep processing (semantic encoding)
‣self reference, analysis, adding
meaning, assigning detail, creating
mental images.
‣Intermediate processing (acoustic
encoding)
‣Sounds like (rhyming, syllables)
‣Shallow processing (visual encoding)
‣Looks like (colour, capital/non capital
letters etc), can also be rote repetition.
‣Info is retained only briefly if processed
at a shallow level, but longer if at a
deep level, as deeper processing results
in a richer ‘network of associations’, and this rich network increases the likelihood of
recall.
‣This is why elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal.
IMPROVEMENT OF MEMORY
MNEMONIC DEVICES
•Mnemonic devices are techniques for improving or enhancing memory. They are examples of
deep processing methods.
‣Can be as basic as an acronym or complicated strategies.
‣They use info that is already stored in LTM, and do not simplify but elaborate on info.
‣More information is stored, not less. However, the additional information makes the material
easier to locate and retrieve because it has enhanced organisation in LTM.
•Mnemonic devices tend to organise new information into a cohesive whole, so that retrieval of
part of the information generally assists retrieval of the rest of it.
‣This suggests that the ease or difficulty with which we "
"
learn new information depends not on how much we must learn, but on how well it fits with
what we already know.
Craik & Tulving (1975)
Document Summary
Craik & tulving (1975) learning determines how well it is stored in. Mnemonic devices: mnemonic devices are techniques for improving or enhancing memory. Acronyms: acronyms are pronounceable words formed from the first letters of a sequence of words to create a meaningful words. (eg. Anzac, eftpos, qantas, roygbiv: they are formed using a type of chunking procedure, don"t have to be real words and are often abbreviations. Acrostics: acrostics (first letter technique) involve making verbal associations for items to be remembered by constructing phrases or sentences using the first letters of the info to be remembered, (eg. Every good boy deserves fruit for piano notes egbdf: they are useful when info needs to be remembered in a sequential order. Narrative chaining: narrative chaining involves linking otherwise unrelated items to one another to form a meaningful whole unit of a sequence or story, it is useful for remembering lists of words.
