PSYC20006 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Methadone, Basal Ganglia, Asthma
10 May 2018
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Lecture 19
Non traditional neurotransmitters
Peptides
- Not synthesized
- Broken down from poly-peptides (larger compound)
- Modulators, hormones act as NT (multiple roles)
- 2 or more amino acids
Endogenous Opioid: “originating internally + like opium”
Opiates = morphine, heroin, opium (analgesic + euphoric)
Mu receptors - a lot in areas involved in pain
Buprenorphine - partial agonist
Naloxone - full antagonist
Methadone - full agonist (slow)
Heroin - destroys life without destroying brain, death from respiratory failure
Lipids (fats, wax…)
- Hydrophobic
- Build cell walls
- Energy storage, signalling, structure for cell membrane
- Lipids that serve as NT & NM - synthesis pathways (unclear)
Endocannabinoids (neurotransmitter) = “endogenous cannabis-like substance”
Cannabinoid receptors
CB 1 - Brain (activation > decreases AP in presynaptic cell > decreases number of NT
released
CB 2 - peripheral tissue
BOTH acts as modulators & modulate!
CB 1 receptors in…
Basal ganglia - movement
Cerebral cortex - higher cognitive function
Hypothalamus - appetite, learning, memory, stress
Spinal cord - peripheral sensation including pain
Medulla - nausea, vomit, chemoreceptor trigger zone
Cerebellum - movement
Lipids - CANNABIS/MARIJUANA
- THC (tetrahydrocannabinus)
- Changes in appetite, time perception, arousal (relax/anxiety), apathy,
underachievement
- 2016 - Cannabis reduce seizure for children with epilepsy BUT different effects for
children who come outside the town
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Nucleoside
- Break down from nucleic acids
- Contains genetic material
- Modulate the relase of transmitter
- Occurs naturally in plants (coffee beans, tea) - pesticide that kill insects
Adenosine
- Released from astrocytes
- Energy engine for neurons (break down ATP > energy)
- Causes sleepiness (more firing, less arousal)
Adenosine inhibitory NT
- Breakdown of ATP
Caffeine
- Act as adenosine receptor antagonist
- Increases alertness by firing less adenosine
Gases
- Soluble gases: dissolve in fluid
- Neuron use nitric oxide and carbon monoxide as NT
Nitric Oxide
- Used to been seen as toxic
- Produced from amino acid arginine
- Synthesized by Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS)
- Function: learning and memory, dilates blood vessels in brain that become active
(UNCLEAR)
Lecture 19
-
- Function like neurotransmitters but aren’t neurotransmitters
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
-
- Peptides: molecule that has 2 or more amino acids
-
- Breakdown of larger compounds (polypeptides) → impact the way neurons fire
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Modulators, hormones act as nt (multiple roles) Opiates = morphine, heroin, opium (analgesic + euphoric) Mu receptors - a lot in areas involved in pain. Heroin - destroys life without destroying brain, death from respiratory failure. Energy storage, signalling, structure for cell membrane. Lipids that serve as nt & nm - synthesis pathways (unclear) Cb 1 - brain (activation > decreases ap in presynaptic cell > decreases number of nt released. Changes in appetite, time perception, arousal (relax/anxiety), apathy, underachievement. 2016 - cannabis reduce seizure for children with epilepsy but different effects for children who come outside the town. Occurs naturally in plants (coffee beans, tea) - pesticide that kill insects. Energy engine for neurons (break down atp > energy) Neuron use nitric oxide and carbon monoxide as nt. Function: learning and memory, dilates blood vessels in brain that become active (unclear) Peptides: molecule that has 2 or more amino acids.
